
Class _T^^^ 



Copyright ]s^°„ 



\qo:i 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT, 




A GOOD TATKNT, PROPERLY HANDLED, 

IS A STEPPING STONE 

TO SUCCESS AND FORTUNE 



PRACTICAL 
POINTERS /or PATENTEES 

CONTAINING VALUABLE INFORMATION 

AND ADVICE ON THE SALE 

OF PATENTS 



AN ELUCIDATION OF THE BEST METHODS 
EMPLOYED BY THE MOST SUCCESSFUL IN- 
VENTORS IN HANDLING THEIR INVENTIONS 



By 

F. A. CRESEE, M.E. 



^ 



NEW- YORK 

MUNN & CO. 

Scientific American Office 

361 Broadway 

1902 



THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS, 

Two CCPfES REC€tVED 

iUL. 15 1902 

.COfVRtGHT ENTRY 

CUASS it. XXa No. 
COPY 8. 






Copytight, 1901, 4;/ ^>^^ 
POTOMAC PUBLISHING COMPANY 



Copy fight, 1902, 4;/ 
MUNN & COMPANY 



New York 

Macgowan & Slipper 

30 Beektnau Street 



PREFACE 

The original conception and working out of an 
invention is usually a labor of love on the part of 
the inventor : having perfected his invention in 
every detail, he finds able and skilled counsel 
waiting to prepare and prosecute his application 
for patent before the Patent Office Examiner. 
When the patent is allowed or issued, the paten- 
tee's real work begins — that of turning the patent 
into money. This is the business end of the in- 
ventor's work, which is generally to his interest 
financially to undertake himself, or to have under 
his immediate supervision. 

The object of this little work, based upon the 
experience and observation of the author and 
other successful inventors, is to give the patentee 
such information and advice as will enable him to 
proceed more intelligently, on the most successful 
and economical basis, to realize from his invention. 

The American Government issues annually over 
twenty-five thousand patents ; of these fully nine- 
tenths are offered for sale by their respective 
patentees, who in many cases have no definite 
lines to pursue in negotiating their patents ; many 

3 



4 PREFACE 

realizing little or nothing from their inventions 
through careless or bad management, while others, 
through incompetency, drift into the hands of 
unscrupulous patent-selling agents only to be 
swindled. 

The numerous inquiries from patentees seeking 
practical, reliable, and up-to-date information as 
to the best and most successful methods of re- 
alizing from the product of their ingenuity, has 
led the author, after due deliberation, to prepare 
and present this work to the American inventor, 
with a view of supplying a long-felt want, with the 
hope that it will save them many expensive ex- 
periments in handling their patents, and advance 
them on the road to success. 

It has been the endeavor of the writer to cover 
briefly every subject that is usually encountered 
by patentees in disposing of their patents, not 
only in the matter of selling, but also in the 
equally important and perplexing questions of 
arriving at the value of patents, legal forms, sta- 
tistics, etc., etc. 

Realizing that the work may be deficient in 
many respects, the hope that it will prove instruc- 
tive, and the belief that it contains many prac- 
tical pointers for patentees is still entertained by 

THE AUTHOR. 

February, 1 90 1, 



CONTENTS 

CHAPTER I. 

DEMAND FOR INVENTIONS OF MERIT. 

PAGE 

Monopoly in Patents — Industrial Progress Based upon 
the Patent System 9-ia 

CHAPTER n. 

INCOME FROM INVENTIONS. 

Independence through Successful Invention — Unprofit- 
able Patents — Money in Patents — Business Capacity 
of the Inventor — Inventions as a Poor Man's Oppor- 
tunity to Advance . 13-19 

CHAPTER III. 

SECURING CAPITAL. 

Danger in an Undivided Interest— A Better Plan — 
Form of Agreement — Perfecting Inventions — Exhibit 
of Inventions— To Avoid Being "Squeezed" — Value 
of Record of Invention — Newspaper Notoriety . . 20-29 

CHAPTER IV. 

HOW TO ARRIVE AT THE VALUE OF A PATENT. 

Pecuniary Value — Commercial Value — Basis for Estima- 
tion — General Rules for Valuation — How Rating for 
Royalty Is Figured— Stock in Stock Companies — 
Prices for Territorial Rights — Valuation Tables . . 30-40 

5 



6 CONTENTS 

CHAPTER V, 

HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTSe 

PAGE 

Patent- selling Agencies — The Best Selling Agent — In 
Case the Patentee Cannot Undertake the Selling — 
Methods of Selling Patents — About Advertising — 
How to Write an Advertisement — Correspondence as 
a Means of Bringing Patents before Interested Parties 
— How to Correspond with Manufacturers — Circulars 
— Illustrations — About Getting up Circulars — Copies 
of Patents, How to Secure — Uses of Printed Copies — 
First Impressions All-important — Value of Models — 
Working Drawings ... .c. .... . 41-54 

CHAPTER VI. 

HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF FATENTS. — Continued. 

Value of Personal Influence — Personal Solicitation Ad- 
visable — Selling Outright — Assigning an Undivided 
Interest — Dividing a Patent into Different Classes of 
Rights — Granting Licenses — Placing upon Royalty — 
Manufacturing and Forming Companies — To Or- 
ganize Stock Companies — Trading as a Last Resort . 55-72 

CHAPTER VII. 

CANADIAN PATENTS. 

About Canadian Patents — Selling Canadian Patents — 

Population of Canadian Cities 73-78 



CONTENTS 7 

CHAPTER VIII. 

ABSTRACT OF DECISIONS. 

PAGE 

Assignments — Territorial Grants — Licenses — Patent 
Title — Rules of Practice — Assignments — Assignees 
— Grantees — Mortgages — Licensees — Must be Re- 
corded — Conditional Assignments — State Laws on 
Selling Patents o 79-91 

CHAPTER IX. 

THE TRANSFER OF PATENT RIGHTS. 

Assignee, Grantee, and Licensee Defined — The Lan- 
guage of Law — Assignment of Entire Interest in 
Letters Patent — Assignment of an Undivided Interest 
— Grant of a Territorial Interest — License; Shop 
Right — License; Non-exclusive, with Royalty — 
License ; Exclusive, with Royalty . o . . . 92-104 

CHAPTER X. 

TABLES AND STATISTICS. 

Map of the United States — Official Census of the United 
States by Counties for 1900 — Population of Cities of 
the United States — Population, Number of Counties, 
Farms, and Families in each State — Table of Occu- 
pations 107-139 



Index . . . ^ 140-144 



PRACTICAL 
POINTERS for PATENTEES 



CHAPTER I 

DEMAND FOR INVENTIONS OF MERIT 

That there is a demand for inventions of merit 
which can be readily disposed of at a reasonable 
profit to the inventor, there can be no doubt. 
There perhaps never was a time in the history of 
our country when the demand for meritorious in- 
ventions was so great as the present. The con- 
veniences of mankind, in all his varied vocations 
and callings, require continual changes and im- 
provements in the apparatuses and implements 
used in order to save time, labor, and expense, 
and to keep pace with the never-ceasing progress 
of civilization. 

At no time in the past has there been so deep 
an interest manifested by the public generally in 
the inventions of our bright-minded men and 
women, and at no time has capital been more 
readily interested and ready to invest in any 

9 



lO POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

practical improvement which can offer a fair 
chance of monopoly under the patent laws. 

Business men, capitalists, and manufacturers are 
ever on the alert for new and desirable inventions, 
which will supersede in utility those which are 
already on the market. By purchasing such in- 
ventions, they secure novelties which will not 
only enable them to avoid the keen competi- 
tion and to a great extent monopolize the trade in 
their own respective lines of business, but also to 
make sales more easily, and thus make their busi- 
ness more profitable. 

Every well-informed person knows that a mo- 
nopoly is the desideratum of business men. The 
monopoly or protection of an industry 

Monopoly f j i j 

in afforded by the patent laws is, perhaps, 
the one monopoly that directly benefits 
the world. Were it not for the protection and 
monopoly offered inventors by governments, for 
a certain number of years, to disclose their inven- 
tions, inventors would simply keep them secret, 
or if used at all, would do so only in such a man- 
ner as would prevent the world at large from 
learning of or utilizing it, thus debarring the pub- 
lic as a whole from its benefits. This monopoly in 
patents has had much to do with the material prog- 
ress of the world during the century just ended. 

Anyone having a monopoly of a good trade 
article is assured of a fortune. If capitalists and 



MONOPOLY IN PATENTS II 

manufacturers can secure the control of any new 
invention of merit for their sole use and pur- 
poses, which can be manufactured and sold more 
cheaply than those now on the market, and which 
will perform its work in a quicker and better 
manner than the devices now in use, they will be 
only too willing to pay patentees handsomely for 
patents covering such inventions. 

There are numerous staple articles of com- 
merce whose manufacture is open to all, and 
which every mercantile house in the country is 
handling at a profit, notwithstanding the great 
number engaged in its manufacture and sale in 
every section of the country. Now, if there can 
be supplied some better or cheaper article in any 
line of industry, the firm or person who secures 
the monopoly of its manufacture and sale, simply 
controls the market, and human endurance and 
energy are the only limits to the degree of profits 
such a firm or person can secure from the manu- 
facture and sale of such an article, if adequately 
protected by a valid patent. 

In an official report the Commissioner of 
Patents clearly sets forth that from six to seven 

Industrial ^^S^ths of the entire manufacturing 

Progress capital of the United States is either 

Based on 

the Patent dircctly or indirectly based upon pat- 
System. ^^^^^ rpj^j^ ^^^^ amouut of moucy, 

upward of six thousand millions of dollars, con- 



12 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

tinually employing great armies of people, in 
industries based upon patents of every class, sup- 
plies the country with improved articles of every 
description. It has been well said that, " Patents 
and trade go hand in hand." 

The largest and most opulent manufacturers in 
the country will be found to be the heaviest 
owners of patents, developers of inventions, and 
patrons of the Patent Office. While all inven- 
tions are not telegraphs, telephones, sewing-ma- 
chines, or electric lights ; nor can all business 
houses be Westinghouses, Hoes, McCormicks, 
Bells, or Edisons, yet all over this country, and 
others as well, there are springing up a great 
number of moderately large growing firms who, 
ever on the alert for success, devise or secure 
control of some valuable patent, by which they 
can successfully invade and control to a certain 
extent particular lines of industry. 

Nearly every leading factory in the world owes 
its commencement and success to the prestige 
and protection afforded by the possession of a 
good and valid patent. 



CHAPTER II 

INCOME FROM INVENTIONS 

It has been aptly said that the products of all the 
gold, silver, and diamond mines in the world would 
not equal in value the annual income of Amer- 
ican inventors. It has been carefully estimated 
that there are at least fifty patents in the United 
States which yield over $1,000,000 annually, some 
300 that yield over one-half million, from 500 to 
800 which bring from $250,000 to $500,000, and be« 
tween 15,000 and 20,000 that bring over $100,000 
annuities. Besides these, there are thousands upon 
thousands of patents which yield yearly more 
profit to their fortunate possessors than could be 
accumulated in a lifetime by a wage-earner. 

There are thousands of patents sold outright 
every year by the patentees of the United States 
Independence for thousands of dollars ; and, to the 

Succe^sfbi ^^^^^^y ^ong list of successful invent- 

invention. ors, cach year adds many more, who 
have become independent through the proper 
handling of the product of their ingenuity. In- 
deed there can hardly be conceived a quicker way 
for the average person to attain independence and 

13 



/' 



14 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

wealth than by inventing something of real worth 
and merit that can be quickly turned into money. 
The inventive field is large, and each invention 
opens up a new field for improvements, and it is 
the '* improver," without question, that reaps the 
greatest benefit from any invention. Owing to the 
ever forward progress of civilization, there is no 
limit to the possible improvements in the sciences, 
arts, and manufactures. 

It must, however, be borne in mind that all 

patents are not remunerative, neither are all gold 

Unprofitable ^^^^s productive of fortuucs, and one 

Patents, may losc money in patents as well as 
in any other business. There are thousands of 
patents, many having merit no doubt, which have 
never been sufficiently brought before the public 
to test their merits, effect their sale, or manufact- 
ure ; this in many instances is owing to incom- 
petency, or bad management on the part of the 
patentee or his agents. There are thousands of 
other patents that do not prove remunerative be- 
cause they do not supply a real want, while still 
others are such slight improvements upon exist- 
ing inventions that they necessitate such narrow 
claims, which render the patent of little or no 
value. One has only to look over the weekly 
issue of patents to see many of the last class. 

As before stated, while there are many thou- 
sands of patents that do not pay — and many no 



MONEY IN PATENTS 15 

doubt cause their owners disaster, as is the case 
in any other business or investment ; on the other 
hand, the far greater proportion of patents grant- 
ed are productive of handsome profits, if properly 
managed. 

That the majority of patents taken out prove 
lucrative is evident from the fact that upward 

Money in of f orty thousaud applications for pat- 

Patents. ents and designs are filed each year in 
the United States Patent Office, and upward of 
five hundred are granted and issued each week. 
Probably about one-fifth of these patentees obtain 
their patents with a definite view of manufacturing 
their inventions, and the remainder obtain theirs 
with a view of realizing from the sale of the rights 
to manufacture. 

It may be said, as a general thing, there is more 
money in small inventions than in larger ones, 
from the fact that they can be easily manufactured 
anywhere with but little outlay of capital ; they 
usually fill a general need, and the profit derived 
from their manufacture is large, besides the pat- 
ent is more readily disposed of ; while with larger 
inventions it requires more money and ability in 
handling the patent, and the invention must be un- 
usually promising to justify the erection of a plant 
costing thousands of dollars for its manufacture. 
However, when large and complicated inventions 
do pay, they usually pay well. 



l6 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

It must be remembered that the actual cash 
value of a patent is not in the patent itself, but in 

Business the salc or use of the monopoly it af- 

^ofthe^ fords, and the amount realized from 

Inventor, any invention frequently depends upon 
the business capacity of the inventor or his 
agents. Owing to his business ability, one per- 
son may make a fortune out of an unpromising 
improvement, while another, through bad or care- 
less management, will realize little or nothing 
from a brilliant invention. 

Speaking along this line in an official report the 
chief examiner of the Patent Office says : *' A pat- 
ent, if it is worth anything, when properly managed, 
is worth and can easily be sold for from $i,ooo 
to $50,000. These remarks only apply to patents 
of ordinary or minor value. They do not include 
such as the telegraph, the planing machine, and 
the rubber patents, which are worth millions each. 
A few cases of the first kind will better illustrate 
my meaning : 

" A man obtained a patent for a slight improve- 
ment in straw cutters, took a model of his inven- 
tion through the Western States, and after a tour 
of eight months returned with $40,000 in cash or 
its equivalent. 

" Another inventor in about fifteen months 
made sales that brought him $60,000, his inven- 
tion being a machine to thrash and clean grain. 



BUSINESS CAPACITY OF THE INVENTOR I7 

A third obtained a patent for a printing ink, and 
refused $50,000, and finally sold it for about 
$60,000. 

" These are ordinary cases of minor inventions 
embracing no very considerable inventive powers 
and of which hundreds go out from the Patent 
Office every year. Experience shows that the 
most profitable patents are those which contain 
very little real invention, and are to a superficial 
observer of little value.'* 

Under the writer's personal observation has 
come many instances where inventors have 
secured patents on improvements which to a cas- 
ual observer would appear insignificant, yet 
through shrewd management they have been 
made to yield princely incomes. Among these 
one case worthy of note is that of a young man in 
Pennsylvania who secured a patent on a toy 
game which any person could have thought of, 
but few would have considered worth protecting 
by letters patent. He was offered $1,000 for the 
patent by one manufacturer at the outset which 
he refused, and afterward he placed it on royalty 
with quite a number of large manufacturers 
throughout the country. He receives but one 
cent on each one manufactured, yet his income 
averages over $12,000 a year. Another borrowed 
part of the money with which to obtain a patent 
on a railway tie plate, which was bought by a 



l8 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

corporation for $25,000, after having manufact- 
ured it for two years on royalty. And many 
others, who have realized from one to five thou- 
sand dollars on such slight improvements on 
which few would have thought worth applying for 
*a patent. 

Patentees who would realize any considerable 
amount from their patents must not sit down and 
expect the other fellow to make money out of 
their inventions for them. 

Invention is sometimes called the "genius of 
the poor," and it is a singular fact that there are 

Inventions a greater number of inventions made 
Poor Man's by ^1^^ and womcu of limited means 
Opportunity ^^^^ j^y ^^^^^ whosc Wealth, education. 

Advance, and Other advantages would seem to 
have especially fitted them for success in a field 
dominated so completely by ^^ brains." This may 
be explained in a measure by the fact that people 
of moderate means are brought into closer con- 
tact with the arts and manufactures, and are 
thus the first to discover and improve their 
defects. 

A self-made millionaire, recently speaking to 
the writer about patents, said : " I know of no 
business or vocation requiring so small amount of 
capital, and yielding such immense profits as that 
of invention. Certainly no person of inventive 
genius can employ his time and ingenuity to better 



INCOME FROM INVENTIONS I9 

or more profitable advantage than to invent some- 
thing that is really needed. Many poor men, 
through the art of invention, have risen from 
poverty to reputation, fame, and honor, and taken 
high places among noted men of all times. 

Our moneyed kings may have enriched them- 
selves by stock jobbing, but this precarious 
procedure requires large capital, and the few 
enormous fortunes accumulated are merely the 
monuments marking the graves of thousands of 
foolhardy unfortunates caught in the vortex of 
speculation." 



CHAPTER III 

SECURING CAPITAL 

It is a curious but well demonstrated fact that 
people who have inventive genius often lack the 
means to carry out their ideas. An inventor who 
has ample means can secure his patent and pro- 
ceed to turn it into money without the necessity 
of being compelled to solicit financial aid from 
anyone. This, unfortunately, is not generally 
the case with inventors ; indeed, many are often 
barely able to stand the expense incident to taking 
out the patent. Patentees laboring under this 
disadvantage are frequently tempted to part with 
a small interest in their patents for the sake of 
securing sufficient funds to carry on the promo- 
tion of their inventions and sale of the patent; and 
in doing this the inexperienced patentee is apt to 
make the fatal mistake of assigning to another an 
undivided interest in his invention. 

Such an assignment may appear well enough on 
the face of it, and many patentees have been mis- 
Danger led, supposing that under the assign- 
Undivided ^^^^^ ^^^ proceeds from the patent 
Interest, should bc divided pro rata^ according 
to the several interests. This, however, is not 

20 



SECURING CAPITAL 21 

the case in such assignments, and joint-owner- 
ship of a patent, or interest therein, does not of 
itself, without an express agreement to that effect, 
make the parties partners. They are merely 
tenants in common, each having the right to 
separately make, use, or sell the invention so 
assigned without liability to account to their co- 
owners for any part of the profits derived from 
the invention through their own efforts. 

In an assignment of an undivided interest, the 
assignee is afforded an opportunity of manufactur- 
ing, using, and selling to others to be used the 
article covered by the patent ; also, to grant ter- 
ritorial grants, such rights being unlimited by the 
terms of the assignment, and it is actually of little 
consequence how small an interest is thus con- 
veyed, the assignee can proceed with the patent 
in much the same way as if he were the sole 
owner ; therefore, whenever it is intended that the 
relation of co-partnership shall exist between the 
patentee and the assignee of an undivided interest, 
and that the profits arising from the invention 
shall be equitable, for their joint benefit, there 
must be an express agreement between them to 
that effect, otherwise the assignee will have a de- 
cided advantage over the inventor, if he is inclined 
to be dishonorable, and there are numerous cases 
on record where patentees have virtually lost their 
patents by such assignments. Patentees should 



22 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

especially guard against strangers who offer to 
purchase an undivided interest in their patents. 

A better procedure to secure means necessary 
for the development, introduction, and sale of an 

A Better invention is to borrow the money from 
Plan. ^ friend contingent on the sale of the 
patent, sell a State or county right, or enter 
into a contract with a party willing to furnish 
the means for a certain proportion of the pro- 
ceeds derived from the invention. Generally 
speaking, it will not be hard to find a party willing 
to advance sufficient means to promote an inven- 
tion which is protected by a patent for a certain 
percentage of the net receipts arising from its 
manufacture, sale, or territorial grants, and the 
patentee will probably find a person among his 
own acquaintances who will not only be glad to 
furnish the means necessary, but also be of value 
to the patentee in realizing from his invention. 
In any case, whatever is agreed upon should be 
put in the form of a contract, or an agreement, 
couched in such terms as will leave no doubt as 
to the understanding between the parties. The 
following form secures both parties, and will be 
suggestive of others : 

. Whereas I, Richard Doe, of Philadelphia, County 
of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, have 
invented certain new and useful improvements in 



SECURING CAPITAL 23 

Telegraph Keys, for which I have obtained Let- 
ters Patent of the United States, bearing date 

Form of January i, 1901, and number 000,000, 
Agreement. ^^^ whereas John Roe, of Camden, 
County of Camden, and State of New Jersey, 
is desirous of obtaining an interest in the net 
profits arising from the sale or working of the 
said invention covered by the said Letters Patent. 

Now, therefore, this indenture witnesseth, that 
for and in consideration of one dollar by each of 
the parties hereto paid to the other, the receipt of 
which is hereby acknowledged, it is stipulated and 
agreed as follows : 

First, That the said John Roe shall pay all 
moneys necessary to the construction of a suit- 
able model to represent the said invention ; that 
he shall pay all necessary expense in advertising 
and bringing said invention before interested 
parties (and such other clauses as may be deemed 
necessary and agreed upon, such as the expense 
of constructing a working model, or carrying out 
a process, etc.) ; that he shall make diligent effort 
to promote the said invention, its manufacture, 
and sale. 

Second, That the said Richard Doe, sole owner 
of said invention and Letters Patent, in considera- 
tion of the payment of the moneys above men- 
tioned, agrees to pay the said John Roe twenty- 
five per cent, (or other amount agreed upon) of 



24 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

all the net receipts in any manner arising from the 

sale or working of the said Letters Patent, during 

the term for which said patent is granted. 

Witness our hands and seals this tenth day of 

January, a.d. iooi. ^ _ 

-^ ^' ^ Richard Doe, 

In the presence of : John Roe. 

John Smith, 

Thos. Jones. 

Before filing an application for a patent, the in- 
ventor should see that his invention is fully de- 

Perfecting vclopcd and perfect in every detail. 

Inventions. Many invcutors are in such haste to 
get their inventions in some kind of presentable 
shape that they do not give these minor, but 
equally important, details due consideration, and 
consequently often get patents for inventions 
which are so crude and primitive as to be almost 
worthless. However, if the patentee has been so 
hasty in making his application for a patent, he 
should not think of exhibiting it, or presenting it 
to manufacturers or capitalists until he has per- 
fected every detail, as it must be remembered 
those furnishing capital to promote inventions, 
and those who assist inventors in placing their 
inventions on a business basis, are, as a rule, 
neither mechanical nor scientific, and can there- 
fore make no allowances for imperfections or mis- 
takes. 



EXHIBIT OF INVENTIONS 2$ 

When an inventor first exhibits his invention, it 

should be so perfected and put into such practical 

Exhibit shape that it will need no explanation 

of the of mistakes or excuses that certain 

Invention. . r .1 i • ^ 

portions of the device have not been 
quite perfected, or this or that needs to be done 
in order to accomplish the desired result. Such 
a procedure would be sure to be fatal to the suc- 
cess of the invention. There must be no mis- 
take about the working of a machine, appara- 
tus, or process. It would be far better to spend 
a year or even longer in perfecting the invention 
than to exhibit something that is so imperfect as 
to require a multitude of excuses and promises as 
to future improvements. The first impressions 
of an invention are all-important, and the inven- 
tor should not fail to make every effort to exhibit 
his invention in the best possible shape. 

The patentee who proposes to realize from his 
invention should never let it be known that he is 

in want ; of course, in some cases he 

To Avoid 

being caunot help himself, but he should en- 
" Squeezed." ^q^^q^ ^q obtain the nccessary assist- 
ance from his acquaintances, and under no circum- 
stances let those with whom he is trying to deal 
get an insight into his financial condition, as cap- 
italists and others will very often take the advan- 
tage of an inventor when known to be in straitened 
circumstances, and the patentee probably would 



26 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

not realize as much from his patent as he other- 
wise could. Therefore, it is advisable in all cases 
for the patentee to manifest no impatience, remain 
silent as to his financial condition, and strive to 
impress those with whom he is dealing that he is 
in no condition to be " squeezed." 

Inventors, while working on a complicated ma- 
chine, should not overlook the value and impor- 
Vaiue of ^^^^^ ^^ keeping a record of the prog- 
Record of ress of the development, illustrating 

Invention. . . , , , . . , , • 

It With sketches, signmg and datnig 
them with each new addition, and, when practical, 
having it witnessed by one or more persons. 
This plan is preferred by many inventors to filing 
a caveat. Such a record will be found very valu- 
able in case of an infringement, as it enables the 
inventor to ascertain the various steps of his in- 
vention, and is a sort of evidence that cannot be 
impeached. Such a record of a complicated in- 
vention, when the inventor has put much time 
and study upon the subject in perfecting it, will 
also be found valuable in effecting sales, and in 
fixing the price of the patent. 

It cannot be denied that at the present time 
there seems to be in many sections of the coun- 

Prejudice ^^y ^ Strong prejudice against pat- 
against euts, which sometimes makes it difficult 

Patents. ^ ^^ . , . 

to get people sufficiently interested to 
take hold of any patent ; especially is this true 



NEWSPAPER NOTORIETY 2^ 

when the patentee endeavors to sell his patent 
piecemeal ; that is^ by county, township, shop, or 
farm rights. No matter how important or valu- 
able the invention may be, there seems to be a 
disposition on the part of the public to look upon 
such rights as a fraud, and to be very cautious 
how they invest in them. 

The public is not wholly to blame for this, as 
in recent years there has been a class of men who 
have canvassed the country with patent rights, 
not caring what representations they made so long 
as they were able to effect a sale ; consequently, 
many people have been lured into purchasing 
patent rights for a small territory which in many 
instances were worthless or not as represented, 
causing them to be more or less skeptical of all 
patents, as well as to bring this manner of selling 
patents generally into ill repute. With manufact- 
urers and capitalists, this prejudice does not ex- 
ist to any great extent, as with them the patent 
rests solely upon its own merits. 

Many inventors overlook the importance of in- 
teresting newspaper men in their inventions. 
Newspaper This is a matter of great consequence 
Notoriety. |-q ^j^g invcntor in exploiting his in- 
vention, and should be given some attention. 
Newspapers desire items of interest of every de- 
scription, and readers are usually interested in 
brief accounts of any new invention possessing 



-28 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

novelty or merit ; so that when the inventor once 
gets his invention into the newspapers it is gen- 
erally copied by other papers, with the result that 
the invention gets a large amount of free ad- 
vertising and publicity. These items frequently 
attract the attention of capitalists, manufacturers, 
and others, and at once put the invention in a 
favorable position before the public as could be 
done possibly in no other way — certainly in no 
cheaper way. 

Many of the trade journals and other periodi- 
cals are also open to receive technical descrip- 
tions of inventions of merit concerning industrial 
improvements. Such articles should be written 
in good form, containing not over five hundred or 
a thousand words, and if admitted to this class of 
publications will be of the utmost value and im- 
portance in creating favorable public opinion, and 
in advancing the inventor's interests. 

With hardly an exception, if an invention 
strikes editors favorably and is adjudged to be of 
sufficient interest to form an article of news in 
newspapers, or of sufficient merit to warrant a 
description in the trade papers, it is pretty certain 
to prove a success and bring the inventor large 
returns. 

If the invention is of such a character as to 
strike newspaper men unfavorably, the inventor 
can resort to the advertisement columns : using 



NEWSPAPER NOTORIETY 29 

the large daily papers, or such publications which 
in some way relate to the industry to which the 
patent appertains, and such as have the largest 
circulation among the class of people it is desired 
to reach. See about advertising on page 46. 



CHAPTER IV 

HOW TO ARRIVE AT THE VALUE OF A PATENT 

Most inventors are not concerned so much 
about the fame or honor their inventions will 
bring them, or how much their inventions will 
advance civilization, or build up a nation, or ad- 
minister to the conveniences and pleasures of 
mankind generally, as they are about how much 
it will net them in dollars and cents ; but the 
patentee should not lose sight of the fact that the 
profits are in the exact proportion to the actual 
usefulness of the invention, and its general adapt- 
ability. It is immaterial whether the inventor 
himself intends to deal with the public, or to deal 
with a man or set of men who are afterward to 
deal with the public, the conditions are the same, 
and the profits must ultimately come from the 
sale of the manufactured article. 

It may seem superfluous to say that mere Let- 
ters Patent aside from an invention is of no value, 

Pecuniary though many inventors are under the 
v-aiue. erroneous impression that if an inven- 
tion possesses patentability, it must also necessari-. 
ly have pecuniary value. To be of any pecuniary 

30 



COMMERCIAL VALUE 31 

value whatever, the invention must cover some- 
thing for which there is a demand, or for which 
there can be a demand created, for it cannot be 
disputed, that if an invention will not bring in 
money by manufacturing it, it is, in a financial 
sense, worthless ; and the patent thereon is 
therefore worth some seventy or eighty dollars 
less than nothing. 

An invention, to have commercial value, as pre- 
viously stated, must cover something for which 
Commercial there is a demand, or for which there 
Value. (.^j^ ^Q ^ demand created. It may be 
an entirely new device, or it may be an improve- 
ment upon an existing invention, but in any event 
it must contain a certain degree of utility. In 
rare cases inventors are able to hit upon an in. 
vention in an entirely new field ; for these a 
demand has to be created. For improvements, 
however, as a general thing, the demand already 
exists ; then the important question arises in 
determining the commercial value of the patent. 
'' Does the invention in question possess sufficient 
merit to successfully compete with existing de- 
vices of the same class ? " In order to do this, it 
m.ust be of a simpler or cheaper construction, so 
that it can be manufactured and put on the mar- 
ket at a lower figure ; or, it must yield better 
results, work quicker and at less expense, or econ- 
omize power, labor, or time. A patented improve- 



$2 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

nient upon an article that can be sold more 
cheaply, or one which will yield better results 
than those now selling well on the market, has a 
decided commercial value and can easily be dis- 
posed of at a good price. If the inventor be 
fortunate enough to combine both of these feat- 
ures in his invention, the value is doubled and 
success certain. 

Perhaps one of the hardest questions that con- 
fronts the patentee is how to arrive at a just valu- 

Basis for atiou of his patent, and to know just 
Estimation, exactly what he should receive for it. 
This is a very important question, and one which 
should be looked into before undertaking negoti- 
ations. Patentees should not, of course, under- 
value their patents, or accept the first small offer 
made for fear of not receiving another ; at the 
same time, they should not fall into the common 
error of asking a price that cannot be obtained, 
which too frequently precludes all chances of a 
sale. Many business men would rather lose the 
patent than waste their time constantly dickering 
about an unreasonable price. 

Inventors should be reasonable in their demands, 
and consider that the purchaser must have a fair 
share of the profits. He cannot expect to realize 
all there is in the patent himself. Indeed, paten- 
tees usually find that men willing to establish a 
business on the basis of their untried patents will 



GENERAL RULES FOR VALUATION 33 

require the greater bulk of the profits to be de- 
rived from it. 

It is evident that only the most general rules 

for valuation can be given, as each invention must 

be studied and valued strictly upon its 

General ^ ^ 

Rules for own merits. Undoubtedly, the best 
and most practical method of ascer- 
taining the value of any invention which is sus- 
ceptible of being manufactured on a small scale 
is to have a limited quantity of the articles manu- 
factured — say five hundred or a thousand — and 
try the experiment of introducing them in a small 
territory ; that is, in a certain county, city, or 
town, taking great precaution in selecting a person 
who is capable of carrying forward the business 
in a business-like manner. This method demon- 
strates conclusively whether or not the invention 
will meet with success, and with these figures at 
hand the patentee will be prepared to prove, to 
the satisfaction of interested parties, just what the 
patent is really worth. 

This method of procedure not only enables the 
patentee to get a just valuation of his patent, but 
also puts it in a more favorable position to be 
sold ; since the commercial value is known and 
established, it no longer remains an experiment. 
Interested parties can take their calculations from 
these figures, and the patentee can exact a price in 
proportion to the success of the trial experiment. 



34 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

In order to thus demonstrate the value of a 
patent, the patentee must possess and advance the 
necessary means to carry it forward, though, if the 
experiment prove at all successful, the profits de- 
rived from the articles sold will in nearly all cases 
more than offset the expense incurred. This is a 
very popular course with inventors, especially in 
handling small inventions, known as novelty or 
specialty patents. 

If the patentee have not the means to success- 
fully demonstrate the value of his patent by 
actual trial, as above outlined, then the next best 
course would be to inquire among reliable manu- 
facturers and ascertain the lowest price for which 
the invention can be manufactured in large quan- 
tities, and the highest price at which it will retail ; 
and then, by carefully studying the market, the 
patentee should be able to estimate the amount of 
competition, cost of selling, probable number of 
sales, interest on the investment, etc., and on 
these figures base the price he should receive for 
the patent, being careful to allow the purchaser 
a liberally fair profit. 

While there are at present over seventy-seven 
million inhabitants in the United States, it is 
scarcely probable that any invention has yet or 
ever will be made that will reach half this number 
of people. With an article of the most general 
adaptability, including both sexes, the inventor 



GENERAL RULES FOR VALUATION 35 

can hardly hope to reach more than a fourth of 
the entire population, though, of course, the inven- 
tion may be subject to regular consumption, so 
that the people reached would naturally purchase 
the article again a number of times during the 
course of a year. 

The statistics in the last chapter are given with 
the view of assisting patentees in determining 
what proportion of the population will likely want 
their inventions, and to enable them to estimate 
prices. In estimating the price to ask for a 
patent, patentees should not conceive and hang 
their hopes upon fabulous prices and immediate 
wealth, which too often dooms ambitious inventors 
to bitter disappointment ; they should rather en- 
deavor to look at their inventions from the pur- 
chaser's stand- point, and try to see it in the light 
in which others view it. It may be well to re- 
member, too, that up to January i, 1901, 790,623 
patents, including re-issues and designs, had been 
granted by the United States, and it is quite 
probable that any one inventor may not have the 
only good thing in the line of patents. 

Many patents are more profitable by being 

placed upon royalty than by any other means, 

and quite often the patent can be placed 

How Rating 

for Royalty this Way whcu it is not possible to sell 
outright at a satisfactory price. In de- 
termining what royalty the patentee should receive, 



;^6 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

he should carefully estimate, in connection with the 
probable number of sales, what profit the manu- 
facturer can probably make on each, or a number 
of the articles containing the patented improve- 
ments, and should require about twenty-five per 
cent, of the profits as royalty. Another method 
used by some inventors is to ascertain the price 
at which the article can be retailed, and figure the 
royalty at between one-twentieth and one-tenth 
of the retail price. Either of the above should 
give the approximate figure to ask for exclusive 
royalty contracts. For non-exclusive rights the 
patentee should ask about one-half of that for 
exclusive rights. 

There is another class of patents that can be 

best realized from by organizing the proper kind 

of joint stock companies, and manu- 

stock facturing the invention, the inventor 

Companies. , . . . . . 

takmg a certam amount or the stock 
and assigning the patent to the company. The 
patentee should receive between one-fourth and 
one-half of the capital stock in consideration of 
his assigning his patent and rights to the com- 
pany. 

The inventor should see that a good portion of 
the stock is subscribed for and the amount 
actually paid into the treasury of the company 
before making the assignment. As a rule, inven- 
tors' stock is full paid and non-assessable. 



PRICES FOR TERRITORIAL RIGHTS 37 

In calculating the prices for territorial rights, 

the application of the invention to that section 

must be taken into consideration, as 

Prices for ' 

Territorial well as the advancement in manufac- 

Rights. . ^. , . . - , 

turing, etc. If the invention belongs 
to that class of inventions which may be gener- 
ally adapted in all States alike, such as domestic 
articles and articles of wearing apparel, then the 
population will form a very satisfactory basis for 
valuation. 

There are other inventions, however, that apply 
almost wholly to a certain section of the country, 
while still others apply more to one section than 
to another ; thus, for instance, mechanical con- 
trivances of the higher order, such as writing ma- 
chines, mathematical instruments, etc., the North 
and East are the most valuable ; for mining and 
agricultural implements, etc., the West ; while 
such as the cotton-gin, seeders, and presses apply 
almost wholly to the South. States and coun- 
ties having large cities and large towns are also 
usually more valuable than other States and coun- 
ties of same population. 

The following tables are given as a general 
estimate of the relative value of the different 

Valuation States and divisions in the majority of 

Tables, cases ; however, these tables are only 
arbitrary at best, and cannot be applied to all 
classes of inventions satisfactorily, though they 



38 



POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 



may serve to materially aid the patentee in deter- 
mining what price to put upon each State m his 
own case. Having determined the value of the 
patent as a whole, the aggregate of the State 
prices should be about two-thirds more, as there 
are always some States that cannot be sold separ- 
ately, while others may have to be sold at a 
discount. 



TABLES FOR ESTIMATING PRICES OF STATE RIGHTS 



States and 
Territories. 



Maine 

Nev/ Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut 

New York 

Pennsylvania 

New Jersey 

N. Atlantic Division.. 



Price as a Whole. 



■ I $5,0 



175 
150 
150 
225 
100 
175 
300 
300 
200 



$1,775 



$10,000 



350 
300 
300 
500 
200 
350 
650 
650 
400 



$3,; 



^15,000 I $20,000- 



500 
450 
450 
750 
300 
500 
950 
950 
600 



70& 

600 

6cc 

1,000- 

400 

700 

1,200 

1,200 

800 



$5,450 ; $7,20© 



TERRITORIAL RIGHTS 



39 



TABLES FOR ESTIMATING PRICES OF STATE 

RIGHTS— Continued 



States and 
Territories. 



Delaware : 

Maryland 

District of Columbia 

Virginia 

West Virginia 

North Carolina 

Soiath Carolina 

Georgia 

Florida 

S. Atlantic Division.. 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

Iowa 

Missouri 

North Dakota . 

South Dakota 

Nebraska 

Kansas 

N. Central Division. . 



Price as a Whole. 



40 
15 
35 
35 
35 
35 
40 

15 



$5,003 



$270 

60 

55 
65 
45 
40 

45 

40 
45 
25 
30 
30 
40 



100 

200 

75 

200 

175 
150 
150 
200 
75 



151,325 
300 
275 
300 
200 
150 
200 
175 
225 
75 
100 
150 
175 



$10,000 



200 
400 
150 
400 
300 
300 
350 
400 
150 



:p2,7oo 

600 
550 
650 
350 
275 
350 
350 
450 
150 
200 
300 
300 



4,525 



$15,000 



300 
600 
200 
600 
500 
450 
500 
600 
200 



$3^950 

900 
800 
950 
600 
400 
600 
500 
650 
200 
300 
450 
500 



400 
800 
300 
800 
700 
600 
700 
800 



1,100 
1,000 
1,200 
800 
500 
800 
700 
900 
300 
400 
600 
700 



$6,850 I $9,000 



40 



POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 



TABLES FOR ESTIMATING PRICES OF STATE 
RIGHTS— C.-K:n:ueJ 



States and 
Territories. 



Kentucky. 
Tennessee . 
Alabama. . . 
Mississippi . 
Louisiana. . 

Texas 

Oklahoma 
Arkansas. . 



S. Central DmsiON. 



Montana . . . 
Wyoming. ... 
Colcrado . . . 
New Mexico . 

Arizona 

Utah 

Idaho 

^Vashington . . 

Oregon 

California 



Western Division. . . 



Price as a Whcle. 



$5.0 



$10,000 I Si5,c 



15 


50 


100 


20 


100 


175 


40 


175 


350 


15 


50 


100 


15 


50 


100 


15 


50 


100 


10 


50 


75 


15 


50 


100 


ao 


75 


125 


50 


250 


450 



T-^ 


200 


0/ :> 


^'■'■-' 


30 


175 


350 


500 


30 


150 


300 


45- 


30 


ISO 


300 


45-- 


35 


175 


300 


500 < 


35 


175 


300 


5^0 


20 


100 


aoo 


3DC 


20 


75 


150 


20D 



150 
250 
550 
150 
150 
150 

100 

150 

200 



700 
700 

4>o 



200 

300 

700 

200 
200 
2 CO 
2DO 
200 
300 
^>3 



$2,750 I $3,700 



Grand Tot-ai ' $1,600 S -.foe 



;;22,5ro 



CHAPTER V 

HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS 

While the inventor may put much hard study 
upon his invention and make many costly experi- 
ments, this part of his work is usually a pleasure ; 
and in securing the patent he invariably has able 
counsel in his attorney with no anxiety on his 
part ; but with the commercial proceeding of sell- 
ing his patent, which involves the greatest pru- 
dence and care in managing, it is different, and 
here is where the inventor's real work begins if he 
expects to reap the benefit of his invention. 

For the benefit of unexperienced patentees it is 
deemed expedient to give a word of warning here 

regarding the host of so-called patent- 
Patent- . 

selling selling agencies, which under various 
gencies. j^ipQgjj^g titles, couplcd with an ap- 
parently honest and straightforward method of 
business, tempt each patentee, upon the issue of 
his patent, to place the same in their hands and 
authorize them to negotiate the sale thereof. 
Their propositions are very attractive and tempt- 
ingly prepared ; their offers appear to be '^ gilt 
edge " ; their circulars are high-sounding and 

41 



42 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

rose-colored ; their co a tracts are formal looking^ 
and drawn up in an impressive way, highly ad- 
vantageous to the patentee ; but it will be noted 
in all cases that they will require the patentee to 
pay down a certain sum under some pretence, — 
such as to cover the cost of advertising the pat- 
ent^ to have circulars printed, to secure copies of 
the patent for distribution, to have a cut made il- 
lustrating the invention, or for membership fee, 
and so on, it matters not what, so long as it is an 
advance fee. Many will also agree to sell both 
the United States and Canadian patents, if the 
patentee will file the Canadian application through 
them ; it is evident, hov/ever, that this is only a 
scheme to get the patentee to take out the Ca- 
nadian patent through them — they having no 
facilities for disposing of either of the patents. 

The writer is not prepared to say that there are 
no honestly conducted patent-selling agencies, but 
from long experience and observation, has never 
known where a patentee was ever materially bene- 
fited by placing his interests in the hands of 
these concerns, and has yet to learn of them ever 
making a sale solely through their own efforts. 
Very few of these concerns have any facilities 
whatever for selling patents ; all of their time be- 
ing taken up in mailing their weekly circulars to 
inventors immediately upon the publication of the 
Official Gazette^ and working inventors up to the 



! 



SELLING AGENTS 43 

remitting point which usually ends the matter so 
far as they are concerned, unless they believe 
they can get another fee out of the patentee. 

There may be exceptions, but patentees should 
fully satisfy themselves as to the integrity of 
these firms before placing business in their hands, 
as the Assistant Commissioner of Patents in his 
report in the Webberburn case, 8i O. G,, 19 K, 
clearly pointed out that the methods of these 
concerns were such as to sell the patentees rather 
than their patents. 

That the patentee himself is the best selling 
agent there can be no doubt, for he is familiar 
The Patentee with the coustruction and operation of 

the Best j^-^ invention in every detail, and 

Selling ^ ^ 

Agent. knows its merits and superior points 
far better than anyone else, besides manufactur- 
ers and others wishing to purchase patents in- 
variably desire to deal with the patentee himself. 
Business men, it may be said as a rule, do not 
think very much of an invention which the inven- 
tor has abandoned to others to negotiate, more- 
over the personal push of the inventor is, in 
nearly all cases, essential to the successful termi- 
nation of a sale. 

Subtract the personal energy and presence of 
the inventor from the successful inventions of the 
past and of to-day, and the chances are that they 
would not have succeeded as they did. It is not 



44 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

only a question of material interest, but also of 
enthusiasm and confidence, and each patentee, hav- 
ing but one patent or a set of patents to push, can 
lend thereto that individual attention which in- 
sures good work and success. 

However, if from any reason the patentee is un- 
able to handle his own invention and must engage 
- _ ^, the services of an asrent or salesman, 

In Case the ^ ' 

Patentee he should sclect ouc from among his 

Cannot 

Undertake owu acquaintances, m whom he has 
the Selling, confidence. He should if possible get a 
person who has had experience in the line of the 
invention, as such a person would likely under- 
stand it and the trade better than others. It is 
not really necessary that he should have had ex- 
perience in selling patents ; if he is a good talker, 
knows how to approach business men, and thor- 
oughly understands the invention, he will prob- 
ably make money for the inventor and himself. 
The patentee should have him submit all offers of 
value for his consideration, and should not give 
the agent power to sign or collect. The patentee 
should name- a reasonable price for the patent, 
allowing the agent a liberal commission upon the 
price, and encouraging the agent by allowing him 
a certain percentage of all he may be able to get 
over and above the price named. This will en- 
courage the agent to work for the highest price 
obtainable. The inventor should make everv effort 



METHODS OF SELLING PATENTS 45 

to be able to personally attend to the details of 
selling, and keep the business under his personal 
supervision. 

There are a number of plausible methods to 

which the patentee may resort in disposing of his 

patent without the aid of questionable 

Methods ^ ^ 

of Selling Selling agents, and it is the purpose of 
the following pages and succeeding 
chapter to set forth such methods as have in the 
past proved beneficial to patentees ; those along 
which success have been achieved, and such as 
are employed by the most successful inventors of 
the present time in handling their patents. 

It is true that no definite method or system can 
be given that will apply to all patents alike, as the 
method in each case will depend more or less upon 
the character of the invention, and to the particu- 
lar art to which it belongs ; however, from the 
following pages the patentee should be able to 
judge what particular methods will best apply to 
his individual case, and proceed along these lines. 

There are many patents issued which the paten- 
tees thereof can as successfully dispose of from the 
smallest hamlet in the United States as from New 
York, Chicago, or any of our larger cities, while, 
of course, there are others which only those di- 
rectly connected with the largest and wealthiest 
corporations can hope to dispose of successful- 
ly. The main thing is not to become discour- 



46 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

aged or give up until one succeeds in making a 
sale. 

To make the merits and importance of an in- 
vention publicly known is, in many cases, one of 
the best ways of bringing about the 

Advertis- introduction and sale of a patent. If 
*"^* the inventor has a patent on an in- 
vention that manufacturers or others want, and 
can make its merits and superior qualities known 
to them, negotiations will soon follow. There 
is no way for patentees to place themselves in 
communication with prospective investors quite 
equal to an advertisement in the proper medium. 
Here it may be well to state that patentees who 
decide to advertise their patents for sale or other- 
wise should place their advertisements in publica- 
tions of known standing, such as the leading daily 
newspapers. A brief, well-worded advertisement 
in the *' Business Opportunities " column of these 
papers bring quick and good results, though, per- 
haps a better class of inquiries may be obtained 
by advertising in the trade journals of the class to 
which the invention relates, and while the trade 
journals may not bring about as many inquiries as 
the dailies, those that answer will be more apt to 
be interested and talk business. Either of the 
above are good mediums, but in advertising 
patents for sale patentees should carefully avoid 
those publications that are published at uncertain 



ABOUT ADVERTISING 47 

intervals, and usually for the express purpose of 
circulating among inventors for various purposes. 
They do not reach the class of people that invest 
in patents. Inventors should know the class of 
people that would be likely to become interested 
in their inventions, and advertise in such mediums 
as have the largest circulation among that class. 

In the construction of an advertisement there 
is often too much waste by using too much 

How to verbiage, too many unnecessary words 
Write an ^^ sentences, and sometimes too much 

Advertise- ' 

ment. display. Prudence in the arrangement, 
and care in editing an advertisement, will save 
much expense. The size of an advertisement of 
this class has really little to do with its pulling 
qualities. 

The statements should be assuming, and at the 
same time truthful, as any deception in an adver- 
tisement is sure to work an injury. There should 
not be more claimed in the advertisement than 
sounds reasonable, even though it be stating facts ; 
if an advertisement sounds unreasonable it will 
not have the desired result. Inventors sometimes 
become so enthusiastic over their inventions that 
they exaggerate unintentionally. A good rule is 
for the inventor to read over the advertisement, 
and ask himself, '* If this statement was read by 
me, would I believe it ; would it convince me ? " 
etCe 



48 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

Putting one's self in the purchaser's place is 
always one of the best factors in writing good 
advertisements. The inventor should put himself 
in the place of the purchaser of the patent, and 
reason what would induce him to investigate its 
merits ; what would likely cause him to take it 
up, and so on ; he should think and write fully 
along these general lines, incorporate these reasons 
into an advertisement ; then boil it down by cut- 
ting out the unnecessary words and sentences ; 
prune, remodel, and rewrite until he has a brief 
advertisement^ clear, concise, and to the point. 

While to advertise, as suggested in the fore- 
going pages, would require a very moderate out- 
lay, and be, perhaps, the better course 

Correspond- ^^ ' ^ ^ ' 

enceasa to pursuc : howevcr, in connection 
BHnging ^ith it, or if the patentee does not 
Patents {^^\ ^y^^X he Can afford the expense of 

before ^ 

Interested advertising, a very good plan is for 

Parties 

him to secure copies of a number 
of the trade journals of the class to which 
his invention relates, and carefully look over 
the advertisements therein, and select a list of 
such manufacturers as would seem likely to be 
induced to purchase the patent in question, or 
manufacture the article on royalty. In this manner 
the patentee will probably get the best up-to-date 
list obtainable, and it may be set down as a fact, 
with very few exceptions, that if manufacturers 



CORRESPONDENCE 49 

and dealers who make and handle just such arti- 
cles as the patent calls for cannot be interested, 
it is very hard to interest others not engaged in 
such line, except when the invention is large, and 
requires a great deal of capital to work the same. 

To each of the parties of the list thus selected, 
or to a number of them, the inventor should write 

How to ^ well-composed and convincing letter 
Correspond setting forth the invention in its best 

Manufac- light, and stating just why it would be 
turers. ^^ ^|^^ interest of the parties solicited 
to investigate the same. Some time should be 
spent on this letter before attempting to write it, 
and the writer should weigh well in his own mind 
what would be best to say, and the proper way of 
expressing it. He should be as brief as possible, 
consistent with legibility. The statements should 
be assuming, yet in every respect true. He should 
state in brief terms just what the invention is, 
what it will do, the points and advantages it has, 
and at the same time endeavoring to get the par- 
ties interested so that they will inquire into the 
invention, rather than attempt to come to terms 
in the first letter. 

The letter should be brief and pointed, and 
plainly written upon business-size paper ; and if 
the inventor has a typewriter, or access to one, 
he should use it. If he has printed circulars he 
should send one with his first letter, which will 



50 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

enable him to make the letter briefer and more 
business-like. 

In correspondence it is well not to name a 
price until the parties are interested, and first en- 
deavor to get them to make an offer. The pat- 
entee should be patient and should not expect to 
jump right into a bargain at once. If the inven- 
tion is a meritorious one there will be more than 
one of the manufacturers to whom the patentee 
may write, who will become interested, and when 
such a state exists, the patentee can begin to be 
more exacting as to his demands since competition 
has been created between the manufacturers. 

A few dollars invested in circulars will fre- 
quently be found of great value to the patentee if 
he intends to negotiate the sale of his 

Circulars. . , - 

patent mamly by advertismg and cor- 
respondence, as they will save a great deal of writ- 
ing and explaining as well as appear more busi- 
ness-like and attractive, and may be the means of 
more readily effecting a sale. 

If the patentee can afford the additional ex- 
pense of an illustration, it will greatly increase 

the appearance of the circular, and 

Illustrations. . • 

make it more readily understood and 
interesting. The cut should be neat and set forth 
the invention in its best light. It would be better 
to entrust the procuring of the cut to the printer, 
for he will know just what is wanted and can se- 



CIRCULARS 51 

cure the same at a better price. A sufficient num- 
ber of well printed circulars, with illustration, can 
be obtained of any printer for about $3. 

The circulars should be attractive, convincing, 

and logical ; nicely arranged, and neatly printed 

About upo^ good paper, A mistake is often 

Getting up made in sending out trashy-looking 

circulars, poorly printed upon cheap 

paper ; they repel rather than attract, and do not 

have the desired effect. 

The circular should have good head-lines so as 
to attract the attention of its recipient at a glance, 
and his interest should be held by having the 
uses and advantages of the invention well written. 

Many of the pointers suggested in advertising 
and letter-writing will equally apply to the writ- 
ing and getting up of the circulars, and need not 
be treated further here, except that the patentee 
should dwell especially upon the merits of the in- 
vention, its uses, and advantages over like arti- 
cles. This should be done in the most interest- 
ing manner possible, describing it so that its value 
will be fully understood. 

By addressing the Hon. Commissioner of Pat- 
ents, Washington, D. C, patentees may obtain any 

Copies of desired number of copies of their pat- 

How"to' ^^^^ ^y giving the patent number, 

Secure, date of issuc, patentee's name, and the 
title of the invention, and remitting at the rate of 



52 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

five cents per copy. The Patent Office does not 
accept postage stamps : money orders, postal 
orders, and checks should be made payable to the 
Commissioner of Patents. 

The office also issues five-cent coupon orders in 
packages of twenty at $i per package, or in books 
containing one hundred coupons with stubs, bound, 
at $5 per book. One coupon will procure a printed 
copy of any patent, two coupons a copy of the 
Official Gazette — a weekly publication containing 
the claims and one figure of the drawings of all 
patents of that week's issue. 

It will be well for the patentee to order some 

printed copies of his patent, as manufacturers and 

, others usually ask for them if inter- 

Uses of •' 

Printed estcd, in ordcr that they may examine 

Copies. , , 

the patent, or have an expert to ex- 
amine it, to ascertain its validity, novelty, and 
what protection is really afforded by the patent. 
It cannot be denied that in either case the inven- 
tion will suffer a cold-blooded rigid examination, 
and must stand or fall solely upon its merits. If, 
however, the invention is adjudged to have real 
merit and properly protected by the Letters Pat- 
ent, business negotiations will likely begin, and 
the patentee will perhaps speedily make a satisfac- 
tory deal. 

Some inventors use printed copies of their pat- 
ents instead of circulars, but, while they fully set 



VALUE OF MODELS 53 

forth the invention in a technical way, it cannot 
be said that in all cases it is advisable to send 
copies of the patent until called for. Many par- 
ties who become interested in patents are not 
familiar with mechanical drawings and technical 
specifications, and very often do not get a very 
First favorable impression from a copy of the 
^""^ AiN°"^ patent ; and it is very important that 
Important, the first imprcssions should be favor- 
ably created, for upon this much will depend. If 
a party becomes sufficiently interested to fully in- 
vestigate an invention, they are very apt to form 
a favorable opinion of it. 

There is no way of so easily creating a favor- 
able impression and gaining the interest in an in- 
vention as by a neat and perfect work- 
Value -^ , ^ 

of ing model of the mvention. Man never 

Models. iQggg ^}^Q child-love for toys, and a 
perfect miniature machine of any description will 
attract more attention than one of full size. With 
a model the inventor has the full and immediate 
attention of his prospective purchasers at once. 
If the patentee, or his agents, intends visiting 
manufacturers, or to sell the patent by territorial 
rights, he will find a model of his invention almost 
indispensable. 

Inventors should be very careful about sending 
models to unknown parties, and should mark the 
number of the patent and their name and address 



54 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

upon the model. It should invariably be under- 
stood in advance who is to pay the transportation 
charges, before sending a model with any charges 
to collect. 

While models are very helpful in setting forth 
an invention and making sales, high prices exclude 
many inventors from their use. Model-makers 
usually charge fifty cents per hour for each man 
working upon the model, and market price for the 
material used ; from these figures the inventor 
may make a rough estimate of what a model of 
his invention will cost. 

Working drawings are different from those form- 
ing a part of the patent in that they are more de- 

working tailed, giving the size of each piece and 
Drawings. i]^q material of which it is constructed. 
While working drawings are not quite as expen- 
sive as models, they do not show the invention to 
the advantage that models do, and are of little 
value to those who do not understand them. On 
the other hand, working drawings have the advan- 
tage of being easily sent through the mails, and 
can be duplicated at small cost. Manufacturers 
prefer working drawings to models in quoting 
prices on manufacturing the invention in quan- 
tities. 



CHAPTER VI 

HOW TO CONDUCT THE SALE OF PATENTS — 
Continued 

In conducting the sale of patents, the greatest 
difficulty is most frequently experienced in getting 
manufacturers or others sufficiently interested to 
look into the merits and possibilities of the inven- 
tion. If the inventor can get the parties to actu- 
ally consent in their own minds to the proposition 
of taking up the invention, the question of terms 
and conditions can soon be arranged. Until the 
parties solicited can see beyond a doubt that there 
is large profits in it for them, the price of the 
patent is out of the question ; therefore, the first 
step is to demonstrate its merits and commercial 
value, and get the parties thoroughly interested. 

Patentees should not labor under the impres- 
sion that because a patent is offered at a very low 
price that it will be quickly snapped up as a bar- 
gain ; as before stated, if a patent will not bring 
in money by manufacturing and selling the article, 
it is worthless ; and its real value is in exact pro- 
portion to the amount of profits that can be made 
from its manufacture. 

55 



56 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

Should the patentee find that his patent has no 
commercial value, it is almost useless to spend 
more time and money in trying to realize anything 
from it ; he had better start again, and endeavor 
to invent something that has value and can be 
sold. 

Inventors should use the full extent of their 

personal influence to spread particulars of their 

inventions as far as possible, for this 

Value of ^ ' 

Personal indirect work is often a leading factor 

n uence. j^ creating a favorable impression that 
frequently results in the adaption of an invention. 

However unacquainted he may be in a business 
way, every patentee can, more or less, in his im- 
mediate neighborhood, consult with merchants, 
friends, and others in the line of his invention, 
who can post him upon the right parties to submit 
the patent to, and the best way to see them about 
it, and perhaps go with him to visit such as might 
be interested in the invention. 

In nearly every case it is more satisfactory for 
the patentee to call on the manufacturers or in- 
terested parties personally whenever it 

Personal r r j 

Solicitation is possiblc for him to do so. This 
Advisab e. j^j-jj^gg ^bout a morc satisfactory under- 
standing between them. Many inventors, how- 
ever, prefer opening up communication by cor- 
respondence, and after the parties manifest a 
willinofness or desire to look into the invention 



PERSONAL SOLICITATION 57 

more closely, then arrange to visit them person- 
ally. 

Having determined upon a visit, the patentee 
should endeavor to get a friend known by the par- 
ties to go with him to make their acquaintance. 
If the friend cannot go with the patentee, he will 
probably give him a note of introduction. It may 
happen that his friend does not know the parties 
whom the patentee wishes to see, in that event he 
may know of someone who does, to whom he can 
introduce the patentee and who in turn may either 
go with him or arrange to make him known to the 
parties solicited. An introduction, of course, is 
not absolutely necessary, but it invariably has a 
good effect and is generally worth the effort. 

The patentee should be prepared to make a 
straightforward, business-like presentation of his 
invention by means of a suitable model or draw- 
ings ; carefully explaining its merits and advan- 
tages, showing as clearly as possible just what the 
value of the invention is and what can be made 
out of it, and giving tangible reasons why it would 
be to the interest of the parties solicited to invest 
in the patent. If the patentee is dealing with a 
manufacturer it is well to point out not only the 
possible advantage he may have by securing the 
control of the patent, but also the possible loss 
that his business may suffer by allowing one of his 
competitors to obtain its control. Many busi- 



58 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

nesses have been hopelessly crippled by an enter- 
prising firm securing control of a good patent and 
introducing a like article that can be sold cheaper, 
or one that will do its work in a better and more 
satisfactory manner. 

Many inventors prefer to sell their patents out- 
right ; that is, in consideration of a specified sum 
Seiiin Out- ^^ nioncy the patentee assigns his en- 
right. tire interest in the patent, in the same 
manner that a person would sell a piece of real es- 
tate. This is a very good method and one of the 
quickest ways for the patentee to turn his inven- 
tion into money, though it must be remembered 
that to sell a patent outright is usually for a very 
much smaller sum than could be realized if han- 
dled by other methods. 

The day for obtaining enormous sums or fort- 
unes from the sale of a patent outright is past ; 
at present to realize any considerable amount, the 
patentee generally has to share in the risks as well 
as the profits, unless the invention is very highly 
developed, and even then he cannot expect to get 
as much out of an outright assignment as he could 
by sharing in the success of the invention com- 
mercially. If, however, the patentee is content to 
take the utmost cash his patent will bring him out- 
right, he is assured of a principal or lump sum, free 
from any chances of the article not selling well 
W'hen placed upon the market. 



SELLING OUTRIGHT 59 

Before signing and delivering the assignment, 
the patentee will, of course, see that he has the 
consideration, or its equivalent, for which the as- 
signment is made. If the transaction is made 
through correspondence he should send the as- 
signment duly executed to the purchaser through 
the bank or express C. O. D. for the amount. 

In a preceding chapter, the dangers and dis- 
advantages of an undivided interest are set forth, 
and it cannot be considered a wise 

Assigning an 

Undivided coursc Under any consideration to part 

Interest. ^.^|^ ^^^ undivided interest in the pro- 
prietorship of the patent, unless unusually well 
paid, or there exists an agreement of copartner- 
ship between the patentee and the assignee. By 
such an assignment, no matter how small, the pat- 
entee loses control of his patent. 

Many patents, from the nature of the invention, 
can be subdivided into different classes of rights, 

-^. ... and each class sold or 2:ranted sepa- 

Dividing a o i 

Patent into ratcly as the patentee may choose. 

Different 

Classes of Thus, the patentee of a tire, or other 
*^ ^^* appliances for a bicycle, could license 
one party to make the same for bicycles and 
another for automobiles. In like manner a car- 
coupler could be divided between those who build 
railway equipments and those who build street- 
cars, and so on. 

Goodyear, the inventor of the process of vul- 



6o POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

canizing rubber, divided his patent up into many 
different rights, licensing one company for manu- 
facturing rubber combs, licensing. another for hose 
pipes, another for shoes, another for clothing, and 
a number of other different rights, for which each 
company or partner paid a tariff. Lyall, inventor 
of the continuous loom, also divided his patent 
into many different rights ; one company weaving 
carpets, another corsets, another bags, another 
sheeting, etc. 

In every case where the invention covers arti- 
cles not in the same line of manufacture, the pat- 
entee should not fail to divide the rights into dif- 
ferent classes, granting each party only such rights 
as they may be interested in. In this way the 
patentee can quite often double or treble the re- 
ceipts from his invention. 

The patentee may, if he desires, have his ma- 
chines built and require the purchasers to pay him 
a regular annual rental on each machine, or a tariff 
upon the goods produced, in addition to the price 
of the machine. Companies are sometimes or- 
ganized to manufacture an invention, and employ 
travelling men to place the article on annual 
rental instead of selling. 

Another method is to sell State and county 
rights. This consists of a license whereby the 
patentee, in consideration of a certain sum of 
money paid him, grants unto another person or 



TERRITORIAL RIGHTS 6l 

persons the exclusive right to make and sell the 
invention, and to authorize others to make and 
Seiiin b ^^^^ ^^^ Same, within a specified terri- 
Territorial tory, during the life of the patent. This 
plan of disposing of a patent has often 
been highly profitable, but it must be said that 
these territorial sales have been conducted in such 
a manner in the past, as to bring the whole sys- 
tem of selling patent rights into disrepute, and in 
recent years patentees have found some difficulty 
in making sales in this way, unless the device is 
of unusual great novelty and attraction to house- 
holders or the general public. 

Occasionally, however, there are patents issued 
for meritorious inventions that are susceptible of 
this mode of procedure, and which can be dis- 
posed of to the greatest advantage by territorial 
grants. Such inventions as household novelties 
possessing great merit and utility have been most 
successfully placed upon this plan, but it must be 
remembered that the value of the system rests 
upon its capabilities of effecting sales of the 
manufactured article to a vast proportion of the 
people. 

In selling territorial rights it is a mistake to 
begin with the small places with the idea of work- 
ing the business up and effecting larger sales on 
the basis of the smaller ones ; it is better to shove 
the sales as much as possible in the start, and after 



62 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

the more valuable portion of the territory is dis- 
posed of, proceed with the balance until it ceases 
to be profitable. 

Experience teaches that it is usually advisable 
to accept any reasonable offer made for a small 
right, even if it does not come up to the paten- 
tee's estimate of its value, as he has plenty of 
other territory left, and may lose much time and 
money in finding another in the same territory 
willing to pay more ; besides, the purchaser of such 
a right may, by his energy and good judgment, ad- 
vertise the invention in such a way as to greatly 
benefit the patentee in making further sales. 

Some patentees employ good and reliable spe- 
cial agents to travel and dispose of the patent 
rights ; others advertise for and appoint State 
agents to sell their respective county rights. In 
either case these agents expect to make money 
by the operation, and require a liberal proportion 
of the proceeds for their remuneration ; generally 
speaking, they will require about one-third the 
selling price, unless the patentee can show that 
the rights will sell readily, in which case the rating 
can be made lower. 

The patentee may also sell licenses under his 
patent ; that is, in consideration of a certain sum, 

Granting ^^^ patentee licenses a manufacturer 

Licenses, to make the invention at his own 
place of business ; it being a personal privilege 



II 



GRANTING LICENSES 63 

and is not transferable unless its terms so 
state. 

Unless there are a great many manufacturers in 
the line of industry to which the patent relates, 
and unless the invention has real merit so that it 
will be readily adapted by the manufacturers, the 
patentee cannot hope to realize any considerable 
amount from selling shop-rights alone. As a 
general thing, patents for mechanical inventions 
can be disposed of to better advantage by other 
means, or by selling shop-rights in connection 
with other methods ; for example, if the patentee 
was selling his patent by territorial grants, he 
might grant shop-rights in such territory as he 
has not sold ; or if he is placing the patent upon 
non-exclusive royalty contracts, he could grant 
shop-rights in such portions of the territory as he 
does not contemplate using otherwise. 

Some inventions, such as methods or processes, 
as a general rule, have to ultimately be sold by 
licenses. Such patents can be employed most 
profitably by selling licenses, county and State 
rights ; thus, in the case of a method of construct- 
ing fences, the patentee could sell State and 
county rights to parties, who in turn could grant 
farm rights, etc. 

The license and royalty plan is perhaps the best 
and most popular method with inventors for real- 
izing from their inventions. This, in effect, in- 



64 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

volves a contract between the patentee and the 
manufacturer, by which the latter in considera- 
tion of a license to manufacture the 

Placing 

upon article covered by the patent, agrees 
°^^ ^^' to pay the patentee a certain specified 
sum as royalty for each article manufactured or 
sold bearing the patented improvement. 

Placing a patent on royalty is ordinarily taking 
chances, but if the patentee has full confidence in 
his article selling well, he should by all means take 
royalty in preference to selling the patent in its 
entirety. Many valuable patents are sold by their 
owners for from $i,ooo to $10,000, which yield 
the purchasers, when the article is on the market 
and selling well, as much as $25,000 annually in 
profits. This calls to mind a patent for which at 
the outset was doubtfully offered $3,000, but be- 
fore the negotiations terminated, the patentee suc- 
ceeded in placing it upon exclusive royalty ; this 
was less than four years ago, and since that time 
the manufacturers have paid the patentee over 
$50,000 as royalty, and have recently offered 
$100,000 for the patent. 

In making royalty contracts with parties, the 
patentee should investigate the standing, rating, 
and capabilities of the manufacturer, and, above 
all, should be certain that the parties have the 
right motive in view, and that the contract is so 
drawn that it will fully protect his own interests. 



PLACING UPON ROYALTY 65 

Many patentees have been caught by manufac- 
turers offering large royalties for the sole purpose 
of gaining possession of the patent, that they 
might pigeon-hole it, in order to keep the article 
out of the market, so that the sale of some similar 
article in which they are interested would not be 
interfered with by the introduction of a similar or 
better article, such as the patent anticipates. 

There are others who propose and make royalty 
contracts with patentees with no other object than 
that of making the special tools, patterns, dies, 
etc., for which they charge the patentee an extor-> 
tionate price. 

The best and safest way for the patentee to 
guard against having his patent tied up is to bind 
the parties to do certain things in the way of 
pushing the sales, making the necessary tools at 
their own expense, and commencing its manufac- 
ture within a reasonable time, paying an advance 
royalty, or annexing some such condition to the 
agreement by which they will be the loser should 
they fail to push the inventor's interests. 

Unless it cannot be otherwise arranged, the 
patentee should not transfer his rights merely in 
consideration of receiving a certain sum on each 
article sold, as however sterling the character of 
the manufacturer, there would be no certainty of 
the sales being pushed. The patentee should en- 
deavor to get the manufacturer to guarantee that 



66 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

the royalties shall amount to at least a certain 
pre-stipulated sum each year, or within a period 
of time, and that such sum shall absolutely be 
paid to him by the manufacturer, irrespective of 
sales. This insures that the manufacturer will be 
obliged to push the sales of the article, and do it 
justice, since if he neglects his duty purposely, or 
from lack of energy, he is out of pocket, and the 
patentee is sure of a certain income, with the addi- 
tion of a possible fortune that unprecedented sales 
may yield him. However, manufacturers are not 
always willing to agree to this condition, unless 
the guaranteed amount is exceedingly reasonable ; 
they will usually simply agree to do their best, 
and if the sales do not reach a certain figure each 
year^ the patentee shall have the option of can- 
celling the agreement, and receiving back the 
patent free and clear. 

Royalty licenses can either be exclusive or non- 
exclusive ; that is, with an exclusive contract the 
manufacturer has the exclusive right to manufac- 
ture the article, excluding all others ; non-exclu- 
sive is simply a shop-right, in consideration of 
which the manufacturer agrees to pay the patentee 
or owner of the patent a stipulated price or per- 
centage upon each article made or sold. The 
license can also be exclusive in a certain section, 
county, State, or a number of States, as may be 
agreed upon. 



MANUFACTURING AND FORMING COMPANIES 67 

Any number of conditions that may be agreed 
upon may be annexed to and form a part of the 
contract, and such an agreement should be drawn 
up in compliance with the terms and conditions 
agreed upon by a competent attorney, or one 
skilled in matters of this kind. 

If the patentee has a really good invention, 

often he cannot do better than to retain the patent 

Manufactur. and work it himself, in case he has the 

Fofmhfg ability to do so. If he cannot conduct 
Companies, the manufacturing alone, he may be 
able to secure a partner with just sufficient funds, 
and equal common sense and business acumen, 
to add the necessary elements to the firm to 
achieve success. 

In some cases, if the patentee does not wish to 
retain the whole patent for his own use, an excel- 
lent plan is to commence the manufacture of the 
invention in a suitable locality, and after the 
business is so far under way as to show progress 
and profit, then sell out the business with license 
under the patent. To illustrate : a gentleman in 
Illinois, having obtained a patent on a farming 
implement, succeeded in interesting a party in his 
own neighborhood to join with him in its manu- 
facture, which soon proved successful and remu- 
nerative, and in a short time he was able to sell 
out his interest in the business to his partner, with 
license under the patent, after which the patentee 



6S POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

Started its manufacture in a number of places- 
elsewhere, and, at the same time, granting licenses 
and selling territory in still other sections, where 
he was unable to work the invention. In this way 
he made a fair fortune from his invention, realiz- 
ing about as much from each business established 
as he could have probably obtained for the entire 
patent if sold outright at first. 

In this manner the patentee, with a valuable 
patent on an article of general usefulness, could 
go on and establish its manufacture in any num- 
ber of places, and sell out w4th license under the 
patent. If the first experiment is successful, it is 
an easy matter to carry the method out in other 
places, and the business can be readily disposed 
of anywhere, if it can be shown to be on a paying 
basis. 

In recent years many inventors have been 

quite successful in organizing stock companies on 

^ ^ . the basis of their patents. This is 

To Organize ^ 

Stock considered one of the best ways for 

Companies. , ,,. ^ , - 

handlmg patents for large and prom- 
ising inventions, and it is a method that any 
patentee, with ordinary business ability, should 
be able to carry out successfully, providing his 
invention is of sufficient merit and importance 
to form a suitable basis for a successful stock 
company. 

Many stock companies are incorporated under 



ORGANIZING STOCK COMPANIES 69 

the laws of New Jersey, but it is believed the 
State of West Virginia is also very favorable to 
corporations. The entire expense for incorporat- 
ing a company under the laws of the latter State 
should not exceed $150. The company can be 
incorporated for any amount ; large or small, one 
hundred dollars or five millions, cost and fees 
being the same. The incorporators need not be 
residents of the State. No annual statements 
required. The meetings of the directors can be 
held at any place, and need not be held in the 
State where the charter is granted. 

Before applying for a charter for a corporation 
or stock company, the patentee should mention 
his plan to some of his friends and get five 
persons who will promise to subscribe for one or 
more shares of the stock and act as incorporators 
of the company. 

Next he should secure the services of a relia- 
ble attorney, familiar with corporation laws, to 
prepare the necessary articles of incorporation 
and legal papers. The attorney will advise the 
patentee how to proceed properly in organizing 
his company, and as to the securing of the stock 
certificates, subscription blanks, seal, etc. These, 
including the attorney's fee, should not cost the 
patentee more than $50. 

It is well to have some stationery printed with 
the proposed name of the company and business 



70 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

displayed thereon ; and also a prospectus pub- 
lished, setting forth the invention and the plans 
of the company for introducing it, etc. 

Quite often the patentee can find enough idle 
capital in his immediate neighborhood to float a 
good portion of the stock. Capital is more easily 
secured by the formation of a stock company than 
by any other means, as people can subscribe for 
small or large amounts, and they often prove 
good investments. 

In soliciting subscriptions for stock, it is desir- 
able to get as many prominent and influential 
men to buy one or more shares at first to head 
the list — their names will be a great aid in making 
further sales. Ordinarily the promoter only col- 
lects ten per cent, of the amount subscribed, the 
balance being subject to the call of the board of 
directors. 

After it is ascertained that the shares or stock 
are being rapidly subscribed for and selling fully 
up to expectation, the patentee can have the 
incorporators sign the charter application and 
have the attorney file it with the proper State 
authorities. This will cost the patentee about 
$ioo more, for State tax, attorney fees, etc. 

When sufficient stock has been subscribed for^ 
a meeting of the stockholders should be called to 
elect directors, and to transact such other busi- 
ness as may be deemed necessary in regard to 



STOCK COMPANIES 7I 

locating and building the plant and getting the 
company in shape. 

The patentee should receive about one-half the 
capital stock in consideration of his transferring 
his rights and franchises to the corporation, the 
remainder of the stock is sold for the benefit of 
the company to create a working capital. The 
patentee may sell a portion of his stock, if he 
desires, but should also retain a good portion of 
it to show his own confidence in the business. 

After the meeting of the stockholders, the 
direction of the business will probably be taken 
out of the hands of the inventor, and the control 
will lie in the board of directors of the company. 
As a rule it is better that the inventor does not 
take an active part in the management of the 
company's affairs, unless he is specially fitted for 
the position. 

If the company is provided with ample capital, 
and if the business manager is a competent man, 
there is little chance of failure if the invention 
has real merit. 

Patentees are sometimes offered securities or 
other property in trade for a patent. It is not 

Tradin deemed a wise course by most inven- 

as a Last tors to considcr any proposition for a 

Resort. 

trade, especially in the early life of a 
patent. Only as a last resort, after failing to 
realize from a patent by any other means, is it 



72 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

advisable to trade a patent ; and, before finally 
agreeing upon a trade, the patentee should have a 
reputable attorney to look fully into the value 
and title of the property offered. He should also 
insist upon receiving an abstract of title, or a 
title guarantee from a reliable title insurance 
company. 

Unless known to himself, the patentee should 
never engage the services of an attorney or 
broker recommended by the parties offering the 
trade to look into the value and title of the 
property. Inventors should be on the lookout 
for a set of sharpers who make a business of 
offering worthless securities and property in 
exchange for patents. 



CHAPTER VII 

ABOUT CANADIAN PATENTS 

The geographical nearness of Canada to the 
United States, and the intimate commercial rela- 
tions existing between the two countries, render 
Canada, in one sense, a part of the industrial mar- 
ket of America ; and owing to its liberal patent 
laws, which are based closely upon our own, in- 
ventors generally find it advantageous to protect 
their interests in this country, which can be done 
from time to time by a very small outlay, and thus 
giving the inventor the advantage of disposing of 
his patent or dropping it if not found remunera- 
tive, before expending the total cost of the patent. 

The commercial and manufacturing interests of 
Canada are extensive, increasing yearly, and are 
closely knit with our own. If the invention is not 
protected in Canada, it is sometimes manufactured 
there and sent here without paying royalty to the 
inventor. 

Copies of the *' Rules and Forms of the Cana- 
dian Patent Office " and '' The Patent Act " can 
be obtained upon application to the Hon. Com- 
missioner of Patents, Ottawa, Canada. Section 8 
of the Patent Act, revised May, 1898, provides: 

** Any inventor who elects to obtain a patent for 
his invention in a foreign country before obtaining 
a patent for the same invention in Canada, may 



74 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

obtain a patent in Canada, if the same be applied 
for within one year from the date of the issue of 
the first foreign patent for such invention ; and, 

" If within three months after the date of the 
issue of a foreign patent, the inventor give notice 
to the Commissioner of his invention to apply for 
a patent in Canada for such invention, then no 
other person having commenced to manufacture 
the same device in Canada during such period of 
one year, shall be entitled to continue the man- 
ufacture of the same after the inventor has ob- 
tained a patent therefor in Canada, without the 
consent or allowance of the inventor ; and, 

" Under any circumstances, if a foreign patent 
exists, the Canadian patent shall expire at the 
earliest date at which any foreign patent for the 
same invention expires." 

Under the section just cited the patentee has 
three months, after the issue of his patent, within 
which to protect his interests in Canada. If 
within these three months he has not sufficiently 
demonstrated the commercial value of his home 
patent, and the advisability of taking out a Cana- 
dian patent, he is advised to give notice to the 
Commissioner of Patents, Ottawa, of his intention 
of doing so, which w^ill fully protect his interests 
for one year, as under the above provision ; and 
if the patentee fail to give this formal notice, he 
cannot obtain redress from any person who has 



CANADIAN PATENTS 75 

commenced to manufacture his invention in Can- 
ada during the year. 

There is also an advantage sometimes in giving 
this formal notice within three months and delay- 
ing the grant of the patent for one year, as the 
patentee is allowed to import the patented article 
into Canada during one year only, after the grant 
of the Canadian patent. 

The construction or manufacturing of the inven- 
tion in Canada must be commenced within two 
years from the date of the patent, and continu- 
ously carried on from that time, though the ex- 
tension of this time may be secured upon timely 
application to the Commissioner, giving any good 
and proper reason. The time for importation is 
also sometimes extended upon proper application. 

Canadian patents are granted originally for a 
term of eighteen years, the Government fee being 
$60 for the eighteen years, but at the election of 
the patentee this fee may be divided into three 
payments of $20 each, as follows : $20 at the time 
of the grant, $20 at the expiration of the sixth 
year, if the owner desires to keep the patent alive, 
if not he can allow the patent to become forfeited ; 
and at the end of the twelfth year, if it is still de- 
sired to maintain the patent, the remaining fee of 
$20 may be paid. If the patentee in the mean- 
time assigns his patent, the assignee will pay the 
required government fees at the end of the sixth 



76 



POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 



and twelfth years, if it is desired to maintain its 
validity. 

The Canadian patent covers and affords full 
protection in the following provinces : 



Pro\tnces. 



Area, 
Square Miles. 



British Columbia. . . . 

Manitoba 

New Brunswick 

Xova Scotia 

Ontario 

Quebec 

Prince Edward Island 

Total 



383.300 
73-956 
28,200 
20.600 

222,000 

347.350 
2,000 



Population, 



98.173 
187.926 
321,270 

450.523 
2,114.476 
1,488,586 

109,088 



1,068,406 4,770,041 



In selling Canadian patents, the patentee will 

proceed in much the same way as in the United 

States, though he cannot expect, nor 

Selling > & I' > 

Canadian should he ask, more than about one- 
Patents. ^.^j^^ ^g much for the Canadian patent 
as he receives, or expects, from the United States 
patent. Patents are not as readily sold in Canada 
as here, but if the inventor has a useful invention 
of merit, which is being manufactured profitably 
in the United States, he will have no trouble in 
disposing of his Canadian patent at a satisfactory 
price. 



SELLING CANADIAN PATENTS // 

It is in nearly all cases advisable for the in- 
ventor to first put his invention upon the market in 
the United States before trying to realize from 
his Canadian interests, as it will be found difficult 
to interest Canadian capital in a patent that has 
not been first put into practice here ; and if the 
patentee be able to dispose of his Canadian patent 
at all, it is usually for a very insignificant sum ; 
whereas, on the other hand, if the patentee fully 
protects his interests there, and proceeds to put 
the invention upon the home market, he will not 
only be able to present his Canadian patent in a 
more favorable and forcible way by proving its 
commercial value, but he will undoubtedly get 
better offers, and realize full value for his Canadian 
interests, in exact proportion to the success of 
his invention in the United States, 



78 



POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 



POPULATION OF 
CANADIAN CITIES 



{Compiled from the Census ^1891) 



Montreal 216,650 

Toronto 181,220 

Quebec 63,090 

Hamilton 48,930 

Ottawa 44> 1 54 

St. John 39»i79 

Halifax 38,556 

London 3I>9T7 

Winnipeg 25,642 

Kingston 19,264 

Victoria, B. C 16,841 

VancoHver, B. C 13,685 

St. Henri I3>4i5 

Brantford 12,753 

Charlottetown ii>374 

Hull 11,265 

Guelph 10) 539 

St. Thomas 10,370 

Windsor 10,322 

Sherbrooke 10, 1 10 

Belleville 9>9i4 

Peterboro ......... , 9,717 

Stratford 9)5oi 

St. Cunegonde 9,293 



St. Catharines 9» 170 

Chatham, Ont 9,052 

Brockville 8, 793 

Moncton 8,765 

Woodstock, Ont 8,612 

Trois Rivieres 8,334 

Gait 7,535 

Owen Sound 7>497 

Berlin 7,425 

Levis 7>30i 

Corn well 6,805 

St. Hyacinthe 7>oi6 

Sernia 6,693 

Sorel ,...,, 6,669 

New Westminster. ... 6,641 

Fredericton 6,502 

Dartmouth, N. S 6,249 

Yarmouth 6,089 

Lindsay 6,081 

Barrie 5>55o 

Valleyfield 5,516 

Truro 5> 102 

Port Hope 5,040 



CHAPTER VIII 

ABSTRACT OF DECISIONS 

The following digest Will be found to contain 
much useful information for the patentee, it being 
a carefully selected list of decisions affecting 
assignments, territorial grants, licenses. State 
laws, etc.; including those rendered by the 
Supreme Court of the United States, the Circuit 
Court of Appeals, State Courts, and of various 
Commissioners of Patents, all of which decisions 
enunciate well-settled and controlling principles 
of Patent Law. 

Assignments of patents are not required to be 
under seal. The statutes simply provide that 
Assign- ^^ every patent, or any interest therein 
ments. shall be assignable in law by an instru- 
ment in writing." {Gottfried vs. Miller^ U. S, S, 
C, Decided Jan, 23, 1882,) 

A contract assigning a patent and all future 
improvements thereon is enforceable against as- 
signees of such improvements who take notice 
of the contract. ( We sting house Air Brake Co, vs. 
Chicago Brake and Mfg. Co.^ 85 F. R,, 786.) 

Each co-owner of a patent may use his right 

79 



80 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

without the concurrence of the others and hcense 
at will. {Washburn c^ Moen Co, vs. Chicago Wire 
Fence Co.^ log III, ji,) 

Owners of a patent are tenants in common, and 
each, as an incident of his ownership, has the 
right to use the patent or manufacture under it. 
But neither can be compelled by his co-owner to 
join in such use or work, or be liable for the 
losses which may occur, or to account for the 
profits which may arise from such use. {De Witt 
vs. Ebnira Xobles Mfg. Co,, 12 N. Y. Spur,, 301,) 

Joint owners of a patent right are not copart- 
ners, and in the absence of any express contract 
each is at liberty to use his moiety as he may 
think fit, without any liability to or accounting to 
the other for profits or losses. (Vose vs. Singer, ^ 
Allen {Mass.), 226 ; vide Fitt vs. Hall, j F latch., 
201.) 

Although an assignment of patent is not re- 
corded within three months, it is binding on the 
assignor, and he cannot sell the patent again. 
{Ex parte Waters, Com. Dec, iSg^.p, 42,) 

A verbal license or interest in an invention has 
no effect as against a subsequent assignee without 
notice of such verbal license or interest. {U. S. 
S. C. Gates Iron Works vs. Fraser et al,, i8g4, C. 
D.. 304) 

An assignment to assign future patents, in con- 
sideration of the assignee's paying the expense of 



ABSTRACT OF DECISIONS 8l 

taking them out, is broken by his refusal to pay 
for and take out a particular patent when re- 
quested, and a subsequent assignment to another 
conveys a perfect title. (Buck vs. Timony^ yS Fed. 
Rep., 4^7.) 

Any assignment which does not convey to the 
assignee the entire and unqualified monopoly 
which the patentee holds in the territory speci- 
fied, or an undivided interest in the entire mo- 
nopoly, is a mere license. {Sanford vs. Messer, 2 
O. G., 470^) 

When a party does license, grant, and convey 
any invention which he may hereafter make, this 
gives only an equitable right to have an assign- 
ment made^ and this right may be defeated by 
assignment of the patent to a purchaser for value 
without notice of this equity. {Regan Vapor En- 
gine Co. vs. Pacific Gas Engine Co. {Nineth Cir.), 
7 U. S., App., 73.) 

A territorial grantee cannot be restrained from 

advertising and selling within his territory, even 

Territorial though the purchascrs may take the 

Grants, patented article outside the vendor's 
territory. {Hatch vs. Hall, 22 Fed. Rep., 43S.) 

One who buys patented articles of manufacture 
from an assignee for a specified territory becomes 
possessed of an absolute property in such articles, 
unrestricted in time or place. {U. S. S. C, Keller 
et al. vs. Standard Folding Bed Co., 71 O, G., 4^1.) 



82 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

The sale of a patented machine by one author- 
ized to sell, conveys the whole ownership to the 
purchaser, who may sell it again to another. 
(^Morgan Envelope Co, vs. Albany Perforated Wrap- 
ping Paper Co.^ 1^2 U, S., 42^,) 

Every person who pays the patentee for a 

license to use his process becomes the owner of 

the product, and may sell it to whom 

Licenses. 

he pleases, or apply it to any purpose, 
unless he binds himself by covenants to restrict 
his rights of making and vending certain articles 
that may interfere with the special business of 
some other licensee. {Met Washing Machine Co, 
vs. Earl, 2 Fish., 203 j 2 Wall., Jr,, 2jo.) 

A license is not forfeitable for non-payment of 
royalties in the absence of express provisions to 
that effect. ( Wagner Typewriter Co, vs. Watkins, 
84 Fed. Rep., S7 J i^9^) 

A shop right is a personal license and is not 
assignable. {Gibbs vs. Hoefner, ig Fed. Pep,, J2j; 
22 Blatch., 36.) 

A license to a person to use an invention only 
" at his own establishment " does not authorize a 
use at an establishment owned by him and others. 
{Rubber Co. vs. Goodyear, g Wallace, 788.) 

A license is not transferable unless its terms 
so state. {Olmer vs. Rumford Chemical Co., lop 
U. S., 75.) 

A license merely to make and not to sell does 



ABSTRACT OF DECISIONS 83 

not impair the patent owner's right to sue for in- 
fringement outside of the license ; and the pur- 
chaser of the licensee's tools and materials would 
not carry the right to sell the product made there- 
on. {American Graphophone Co, vs. Walcut, 87 

Fed. Rep., S5^ ; ^^9^ ') 

A license to use a machine carries with it the 
right to repair the machine, and replace worn 
parts until the essential original parts of the ma- 
chine have disappeared. {Robinson on Patents^ 
Sec. 927.) 

A lawful sale of a patented article by a patentee 
or grantee, within his own territory, carries with 
it the right to use such article throughout the 
whole United States. [Adams vs. Burke, 5 O, (?., 
118 ; Hobbie vs. Smith, 27 Fed, Rep,, 6^6.) 

When an applicant in certain instruments as- 
signed his right, title, and interest in an inven- 
tion, retaining for himself the exclusive right to 
employ the invention in the manufacture of a cer- 
tain class of machines. Held, that such instru- 
ments do not convey the entire interest in the in- 
vention or any undivided part thereof, and they 
are construed to be nothing more than licenses. 
{Ex parte Rosback, 8p O, G., 705. Decided Oct, 5, 

J899.) 

An implied license to use a patented improve- 
ment without payment of any royalties during the 
continuance of employment of the inventor, and 



84 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

thereafter, on the same terms and royalties fixed 
for other parties, is shown where the inventor ap- 
plies the patent to his employer's work without 
any agreement for compensation for its use further 
than a notice that he would require pay after his 
employment terminated. (Keys vs. Eureka Consol, 
Min. Co., U. S. S. C, ij^ U. S., iso.) 

A breach of a covenant in a license does not 
work a forfeiture of the license unless it is so ex- 
pressly agreed. {Consol. Middlings Purifier Co. 
vs. Wolf, 37 O. G,, 567) 

A patent right, like any other personal property, 

is understood by Congress to vest in the executors 

and administrators of the patentee, if 

Patent Title. , ^. . , , . • , • 

he dies without having assigned it. 
{Shaw Relief Valve Co. vs. City of New Bedford, 
igth Fed. Rep., 758) 

A patent to a dead man at the time of its grant 
is not void for the want of a grantee, but vests in 
his heirs or assigns. {U. S. S. C, De La Vergne 
Ref. Machine Co. vs. Featherstone, iSgs, C D., iSi.) 

A court of equity may direct a sale of an inven- 
tor's interest in his patent to satisfy a judgment 
against him, and will require the patentee to as- 
sign as provided in Rev. Stat., Sec. 4898, and if he 
refuses, will appoint a trustee to make the assign- 
m.ent. {Murray vs. Ager, 20 O. G., 1311-) 

A patent right cannot be seized and sold on ex- 
ecution. {Carver vs. Feck, 131 Mass., 2pj.) 



RULES OF PRACTICE 85 

A receiver cannot, under his general powers, 
convey the legal title to a patent {Adams vs. 
Howard^ 2j Blatch., 27), but a court may compel 
an insolvent to assign his patent to a trustee or 
receiver. (Pacific Bank vs. Robinson^ 20 O. (?., 
1314 J Murray vs. Ager^ 20 O. G,^ ^3^^*) 

A patentee who assigns his patent cannot, 
when sued for infringement, contest the validity 
thereof. {Griffith vs. Shaia^, 89 Fed. Rep,, 313.) 

RULES OF PRACTICE 

The following from the *^ Rules of Practice in 
the United States Patent Office" may be perused 
with interest to the patentee ; a copy of which, 
together with a copy of the "Patent Laws," will 
be mailed free to any person upon addressing the 
Hon. Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C, 
requesting the same ; these being the only books 
or pamphlets published by the Office for gratu- 
itous distribution. 

Every patent or any interest therein shall be 
assignable in law by an instrument in writing ; 

Assign- ^^^ th^ patentee or his assigns or legal 

ments. representatives may, in like manner, 
grant and convey an exclusive right under the 
patent to the whole or any specified part of the 
United States. Interests in patents may be vested 
in assignees, in grantees of exclusive sectional 
rights, in mortgagees, and in licensees. 



86 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

An assignee is a transferee of the whole inter- 
est of the original patent or of an undivided part 
of such whole interest, extending to 
ssignees. ^^^^^ portion of the United States. 
The assignment must be written or printed and 
duly signed. 

A grantee acquires by the grant the exclusive 

right under the patent to make and use and to 

grant to others the right to make and 

Grantees. i , • , . , . , 

use, the thmg patented withm and 
throughout some specified part of the United 
States, excluding the patentee therefrom. The 
grant must be written or printed and be duly 
signed. 

A mortgage must be written or 

printed and duly signed. 
A licensee takes an interest less than or differ- 
ent from either of the others. A license may be 

oral, written, or printed, and if written 

Licensees. , , , , . 

or prmted, must be duly signed. 
An assignment, grant, or conveyance of a pat- 
ent will be void as against any subsequent pur- 
Must be chaser or mortgagee for a valuable 
Recorded, consideration without notice unless 
recorded in the Patent Office within three months 
from the date thereof. If any such assignment, 
grant, or conveyance of any patent shall be ac- 
knowledged before any notary public of the several 
States or territories, or the District of Columbia, 



RULES OF PRACTICE 



87 



or any commissioner of the United States Circuit 
Court, or before any secretary of legation, or 
consular officer authorized to administer oaths or 
perform notarial acts under Section 1750 of the 
Revised Statutes, the certificate of such acknowl- 
edgment, under the hand and official seal of such 
notary or other officer, shall be prima facie evi- 
dence of the execution of such assignment, grant, 
or conveyance. 

No instrument will be recorded which does not, 
in the judgment of the Commissioner, amount to 
an assignment, grant, mortgage, lien, encum- 
brance, or license, or which does not affect the 
title of the patent or invention to which it re- 
lates. Such instruments should identify the pat- 
ent by date and number ; or, if the invention is 
unpatented, the name of the inventor, the serial 
number, and date of the application should be 
stated. 

Assignments which are made conditional on 
the performance of certain stipulations, as the 
Conditional payment of money, if recorded in the 
Assignments, office, are regarded as absolute assign- 
ments until cancelled with the written consent of 
both parties, or by the decree of a competent 
court. The office has no means for determining 
whether such conditions have been filled. {JRcv. 
Stat., Sec. 4898.) 



88 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

STATE LAWS ON SELLING PATENTS 

In some States, laws have been passed by which 
attempts have been made to regulate or prevent 
the sale of patent rights within their borders, by 
imposing upon patentees or their agents certain 
State restrictions, such as requiring the filing of 
copies of patents, making and filing proofs, tak- 
ing out licenses, procuring certificates, complying 
with forms, or prescribing the terms of a note to 
be given for a patent. 

While it has never been squarely brought be- 
fore the United States Supreme Court, with the 
result that much conflicting legislation has been 
enacted by the different States, it may be said, as 
a general proposition, that a State or municipal- 
ity, through the medium of its Legislature or offi- 
cials, has no constitutional right to make or enforce 
laws which in any way affect or control the trans- 
fer, sale, or other disposition of United States 
Letters Patent ; or to interfere in any manner 
with the patentee going into the open market 
anywhere to sell his rights conferred by the 
patent. 

It is a well-established principle of law that 
Congress has exclusive right and power to legis- 
late on the subjects specially assigned to it by the 
Constitution, while power is delegated to the 
several States to legislate on those subjects not 



STATE LAWS ON SELLING PATENTS 89 

thus expressly placed within the control of Con- 
gress. It would seem clear that there can be no 
State interference with the rights which are inci- 
dent to the grant of Letters Patent and expressly 
conferred thereby. 

Ohio was the first State attempting to place 
restrictions upon the handling of patent rights, 
which, in 1868, passed an act requiring any person, 
before offering for sale a patent right in any 
county, to submit the patent to the Probate Judge 
of the county, and make affidavit before said 
judge that the patent was in force, and that the 
applicant had the right to sell, and also requiring 
that any written obligation taken on the sale of 
such right should bear on its face the words, 
'' Given for a Patent Right." 

The portion of the Ohio statute relating to the 
making and filing proofs was subsequently made 
the law in Illinois, Minnesota, Indiana, Nebraska, 
and Kansas, while the requirement that written 
obligations given for a patent right should bear 
such statement written upon its face was made 
the law in Vermont, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wis- 
consin, New York, Connecticut, and Arkansas. 

In view of the decisions rendered by the Su- 
preme Court of the United States in the cases of 
ex parte Robinson, 2 Bissel, 309, and Webber vs, 
Virginia, 103 U. S., 347 ; 20 O. G., 136, some of 
the States repealed their statutes relating to the 



go POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

filing of proofs, while others did not — notably 
Indiana and Kansas, where the statute still re- 
mains in force. 

While the Supreme Court in the above cases 
did not decide the constitutionality of the State 
statutes, it was clearly indicated that property in 
inventions existed by virtue of the laws of Con- 
gress, and that no State had any right to interfere 
with its enjoyment, or to annex conditions to the 
grant, and that the patentee had a right to go into 
the open m.arket anywhere in the United States 
and sell his property. It also established the 
proposition that a State may require the taking 
out of a license for the sale of the manufactured 
article covered by the patent ; and the patentee 
should keep in mind the distinction between sell- 
ing patents, or patent privileges, and the selling of 
goods or manufactured articles, as all who sell 
goods, whether patented or not, must conform 
with the local and State laws relating to same. 

The statute requiring the insertion in written 
obligations of the words, ^^ Given for a Patent 
Right," has been declared unconstitutional by the 
higher State Courts in Illinois, Michigan, Minne- 
sota, and Nebraska, and by the Circuit Courts in 
the southern district of Ohio, and in the district 
of Indiana ; while its validity has been sustained 
by the courts of last resort in New York, Pennsyl- 
vania, Ohio, Indiana, and Kansas. Therefore, the 



STATE LAWS ON SELLING PATENTS 9I 

validity of the State statutes on the point referred 
to may be regarded as finally established in 
the last-named States until brought before the 
Supreme Court of the United States, which there 
is every reason for believing will declare the 
statutes unconstitutional. 



CHAPTER IX 

THE TRANSFER OF PATENT RIGHTS 

It frequently occurs to the patentee that a 
knowledge of the legal requirements of the trans- 
fer of patent rights would save him much time 
and trouble. Patentees should carefully scruti- 
nize all papers offered by the parties in whose 
favor they are drawn, and, if possible, he should 
have his attorney to examine them. 

There are three classes of persons in whom the 
patentee can vest an interest of some kind. They 
are an assignee, a grantee of an exclusive sectional 
right, and a licensee. 

" An assignee is one who has transferred to him 
in writing the whole interest in the original pat- 

^ . ent, or any undivided part of such 

Assignee, ' •' ^ 

Grantee, wholc interest in every portion of the 

and 

Licensee United Statcs. And no one, unless he 
Defined. ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ interest transferred to 

him, is an assignee. 

" A grantee is one who has transferred in writ- 
ing the exclusive right under the patent, to make 
and use, and to grant to others to make and use, 
the thing patented, within and throughout some 

92 



THE LANGUAGE OF LAW 95 

specified part or portion of the United States. 
Such right must be an exclusive sectional right, 
excluding the patentee therefrom. 

" A licensee is one who has transferred to him in 
writing, or orally, a less or different interest than 
either the interest in the whole patent, or an un- 
divided part of such whole interest, or an exclu- 
sive sectional interest." (Potter vs. Holland^ i 
Fish, 327,) 

If a man were to give another an orange he 

would simply say, "I give you this orange" ; but 

if the transaction be intrusted to a 

The 

Language lawyer to draw up according to the re- 
quirements of law, says the Observer, 
he would most probably put it in the following 
language : " I hereby give, grant, and convey to 
you all my interest, right, title, and advantage of 
and in said orange, together with its rind, skin, 
juice, pulp, and pits, and all right and advantage 
therein with full power to bite, suck, cut, or other- 
wise eat the same or to give the same away, as 
fully and effectually as I, the said A. B., am now 
entitled to cut, bite, or otherwise eat the same, 
or give away the same with or without the rind, 
skin, juice, pulp, or pits ; anything hereinbefore 
or hereafter or in any other deed or deeds, in- 
struments of nature or kind whatsoever to the 
contrary in anywise notwithstanding." 

It is always better and more satisfactory to 



94 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

have assignments, royalty contracts, agreements, 
etc., drawn up specially to accord with the facts, 
details, and covenants of each particular case ; and 
there is no one probably better able to do this 
than the attorney who secured the patent. How- 
ever, if in the case the parties to the transaction 
cannot well delay proceedings to have the papers 
prepared by an attorney, by adhering to the fol- 
lowing forms in any such transactions, both the 
purchaser and seller may rest assured that their 
rights are protected. 

ASSIGNMENT OF ENTIRE INTEREST IN 
LETTERS PATENT 

Whereas, I, Richard Doe, of Columbus, County 
of Franklin, State of Ohio, did obtain Letters 
Patent of the United States for an improvement 
in Typewriting Machines, which Letters Patent 
are numbered 000,000, and bear date January i, 
1901 ; and whereas I am now sole owner of said 
patent, and of all rights under the same ; and 
whereas the Ohio Typewriter Company, of Cin- 
cinnati, County of Hamilton, and State of Ohio, 
is desirous of acquiring an interest in the same : 

Now, therefore, to all whom it may concern, be 
it known, that for and in consideration of the sum 
of five thousand dollars to me in hand paid, the 
receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, I, the 
said Richard Doe, have sold, assigned, and trans- 



ASSIGNMENTS 95 

ferred, and by these presents do sell, assign, and 
transfer unto the said Ohio Typewriter Company, 
the whole right, title, and interest in and to the 
said improvements in Typewriting Machines, and 
in and to the Letters Patent therefor aforesaid ; 
the same to be held and enjoyed by the said Ohio 
Typewriter Company, for their own use and be- 
hoof, and for the use and behoof of their legal 
representatives, to the full end of the term for 
which said Letters Patent are or may be granted, 
as fully and as entirely as the same would have 
been held and enjoyed by me had this assignment 
and sale not been made. 

In testimony whereof^ I have hereto set my 
hand and affixed my seal, at Columbus, County 
and State aforesaid, this tenth day of January, 

A.D. 1901. 

Richard Doe. {Seal) 
In presence of 

John Smith, 

Thos. Jones. 



State of Ohio, 
County of Franklin 



\ss.: 



Subscribed and acknowledged before me this 

tenth day of January, a.d. 1901. 

John Rice, 

Notary Public, 
Seal. 



96 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 



ASSIGNMENT OF AN UNDIVIDED INTEREST 

Whereas, I, Richard Doe, of Philadelphia, County 
of Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, did obtain 
Letters Patent of the United States for improve- 
ments in Locomotive Head-Lights, which Letters 
Patent are numbered 000,000, and bear the date 
of June 26, 1900 ; and whereas John Roe, of Phil- 
adelphia, County of Philadelphia, and State of 
Pennsylvania, is desirous of acquiring an interest 
in the same : 

Now, therefore, this indenture witnesseth, that 
for and in consideration of the sum of one thou- 
sand dollars to me in hand paid, the receipt of 
which I acknowledge, I do hereby sell, assign, and 
transfer unto the said John Roe, one undivided 
one-half of all the right, title, and interest in and 
to the said invention and in and to the Letters 
Patent therefor aforesaid ; the same to be held 
and enjoyed by the said John Roe, his heirs, as- 
signs, or legal representatives as fully and entirely 
as the same would have been held and enjoyed 
by me if this assignment and sale had not been 
made. 

And I do hereby declare that I have not 
conveyed to any other party the rights and 
interests herein transferred to the said John 
Roe. 



GRANTS 97 

Witness my hand and seal this tenth day of Jan- 
uary, A.D. 1 901. 

Richard Doe. 
In presence of 
John Smith, 
Thos. Jones. 



,PHIA, j 



State of Penna., 

y ss 
County of Philadelphia, 

Subscribed and sworn before me this tenth day 
of January, a.d. 1901. 

John Rice, 
Sea/. : Notary Public. 



GRANT OF A TERRITORIAL INTEREST 

Whereas^ I, Richard Doe, of Dayton, County of 
Montgomery, State of Ohio, did obtain Letters 
Patent of the United States for improvements in 
Corn-Cultivators, which Letters Patent are num- 
bered 000,000^ and bear date the first day of Jan- 
uary, 1901, and whereas, I am now the sole owner 
of said patent, and of all rights under the same in 
the below-recited territory ; and whereas, John 
Roe, of Indianapolis, County of Marion, State of 
Indiana, is desirous of acquiring an interest in the 
same ; 

Now^ therefore^ to all whom it may concern, be 
it known, that for and in consideration of the sum 
of one thousand dollars to me in hand paid, the 



98 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, I, the 
said Richard Doe, have sold, assigned, transferred, 
and by these presents do sell, assign, and transfer 
unto the said John Roe, all the right, title, and in- 
terest in and to the said invention, as secured to 
me by said Letters Patent, for, to, and in the 
States of Indiana and Illinois, and for, to, or in 
no other place or places ; the same to be held and 
enjoyed by the said John Roe, within and through- 
out the above-specified territory, but not else- 
where, for his own use and behoof, and for the use 
and behoof of his legal representatives, to the full 
end of the term for which said Letters Patent are 
or may be granted, as fully and entirely as the 
same would have been held and enjoyed by me 
had this assignment and sale not been made. 

In testimony whereof^ I have hereunto set my 
hand and affixed my seal this tenth day of Janu- 
ary, A.D. 1901, in the presence of the subscribing 
witnesses. 

Richard Doe. 
In presence of 

John Smith, 

Thos. Jones. 



State of Indiana, 
County of Marion 



. I "-' 



On this tenth day of January, a.d. 1901, per- 
sonally appeared before me Richard Doe, to me 



LICENSE : — SHOP-RIGHT 99 

known and known to me to be the individual who 
executed the foregoing instrument, and who 
acknowledged to me that he executed the same 
for the purpose therein expressed. 

John Rice, 

Notary Public. 



Seal, 



license : — shop-right 

In consideration of the sum of two hundred dol- 
lars to me paid by the John Roe Company, a cor- 
poration of Pennsylvania, located in the city of 
Pittsburg, I do hereby license and empower said 
company to manufacture at a single foundry and 
machine-shop in said Pittsburg, and in no other 
place or places, the improvements in Pipe- 
Wrenches, for which Letters Patent of the 
United States, No. 000,000, were granted to me 
January i, 1901, and to sell the same through- 
^out the United States to the full end of the term 
for which said Letters Patent are granted. 

Signed and delivered at Pittsburg, in the County 
of Allegheny, and State of Pennsylvania, this 
tenth day of January, a.d. 1901. 

Richard Doe. 
'To John Roe Company, 
LLofCj Pittsburg, Pa. 



lOO POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

LICENSE : — NON-EXCLUSIVE — WITH ROYALTY 

This agreement^ made this tenth day of January, 
1901, between Richard Doe, of Wilmington, 
County of New Castle, State of Delaware, party 
of the first part, and the Metallic Railway Tie 
Company, of Chicago, in the County of Cook, and 
State of Illinois, party of the second part, 

Witnesseth^ that whereas Letters Patent of the 
United States, No. 000,000, for an improvement 
in Metallic Railroad-Ties, were granted to the 
party of the first part January i, 1901 ; and 
whereas the party of the second part is desirous 
of manufacturing Metallic Railroad-Ties contain- 
ing the said patented improvements : 

Now, therefore, the parties hereto have agreed 
as follows : 

I. The party of the first part hereby licenses 
and empowers the party of the second part to 
manufacture, subject to the conditions herein 
named, at their plant in Chicago, and in no other 
place or places, to the end of the term for which 
said Letters Patent were granted, Metallic Rail- 
road-Ties containing the patented improvements, 
and to sell the same within the United States. 

n. The party of the second part agrees to 
make full and true returns to the party of the 
first part, under oath, upon the first days of Jan- 
uary and July in each year, of all Metallic Rail- 



LICENSE, WITH ROYALTY lOI 

road-Ties containing said patented improvements 
manufactured by them. 

III. The party of the second part agrees to 
pay the party of the first part five dollars as a 
license fee upon each and every thousand Metal- 
lic Railroad-Ties manufactured by the party of 
the second part containing the patented improve- 
ments : provided, that if the said fee be paid upon 
the days provided herein for semi-annual returns, 
or within ten days thereafter, a discount of fifty 
per cent, shall be made from said fee for prompt 
payment. 

IV. The party of the second part agrees to put 
forth their best efforts and use due diligence in 
the manufacture and sale of the Metallic Railroad- 
Ties containing the said patented improvements, 
and if the royalties do not amount to five hun- 
dred dollars semi-annually, the party of the first 
part may terminate this license by serving a 
written notice upon the party of the second part. 

V. Upon the failure of the party of the second 
part to make returns or to make payment of 
license fees, as herein provided, for thirty days 
after the days herein named, the party of the 
first part may terminate this license by serving 
a written notice upon the party of the second 
part ; but the party of the second part shall 
not thereby be discharged from any liability 
to the party of the first part for any license 



102 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

fees due at the time of the service of such 

notice. 

In witness whereof^ the parties above named 

have hereto set their hands the day and year first 

above written, at Chicago, County of Cook, and 

State of Illinois. 

Richard Doe, 

Metallic Railway Tie Company^ 

Per John Roe, President. 

LICENSE : — EXCLUSIVE — WITH ROYALTY 

This agree?7ient^ made this tenth day of January^ 
1901, between Richard Doe, of Boston, State of 
Massachusetts, party of the first part, and the 
Roe Vending Machine Company, a corporate 
body under the laws of the State of New Jersey, 
located and doing business at the city of New 
York, in the State of New York, party of the 
second part, 

Witnesseth, that whereas. Letters Patent of 
the United States, No. 000,000, were, on the first 
day of January, 1901, granted to the said party 
of the first part, for improvements in Coin-Con- 
trolled Machines, and whereas said party of the 
second part is desirous of manufacturing and 
selling said patented article : Now, therefore, the 
parties hereto have agreed as follows : 

I. The party of the first part gives to the part^ 
of the second part the exclusive right to manu- 



LICENSE, WITH ROYALTY IO3 

facture and sell the said patented improvements, 
to the end of the term of said patent, subject to 
the conditions hereinafter named. 

II. The party of the second part agrees to make 
full and true returns, on the first days of January 
and July in each year, of ail machines manufact- 
ured and sold by them containing the said pat- 
ented improvements in the six calendar months 
last past ; and if the party of the first part shall 
not be satisfied in any respect with any such re- 
turn, then shall the party of the first part have the 
right, either by himself or by his attorney, to ex- 
amine any and all books of account of said party 
of the second part concerning any items, charges, 
memoranda, or information relating to the manu- 
facture or sale of said patented Coin-Controlled 
Machines ; and upon request made, said party of 
the second part shall produce all such books for 
said examination. 

III. The party of the second part agrees to pay 
the party of the first part five dollars as a license 
fee upon every one of the said patented Coin-Con- 
trolled Machines manufactured by them, the whole 
of said license fee for each term of six months to 
be due and payable on the days hereinabove pro- 
vided for semi-annual returns; provided, that if said 
fee be paid upon the days herein provided, or within 
fifteen days thereafter, a discount of fifty per cent. 
shall be made from said fee for prompt payment. 



104 POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 

IV. The party of the second part agrees to pay 
the party of the first part at least two thousand 
dollars, less discount, as said license fee upon 
each of the semi-annual terms, even though they 
should not make enough of said patented ma- 
chines to amount to that sum at the regular roy- 
alty of five dollars each. 

V. The party of the second part shall cast, or 
otherwise permanently place, upon every such 
machine made under this license the word " Doe," 
and in close relation thereto the word *^ Patented," 
and the number and date of said patent. 

VI. The party of the second part shall not, dur- 
ing the life of this license, make or sell any article 
which can compete in the market with said Coin- 
Controlled Machines. 

VII. Upon the failure of the party of the second 
part to keep each and all of the conditions of this 
license and agreement, the party of the first part 
may, at his option, terminate this license, and 
such termination shall not release said party of 
the second part from any liability due at such time 
to the party of the first part. 

In witness whereof, the above-named parties (the 
said Roe Vending Machine Company, by its pres- 
ident) have hereto set their hands the day and 
year first above written, rjchard Doe, 

Roe Vending Machine Company, 
By John Roe, President. 



MAP OF THE UNITED STATES 




CHAPTER X 

TABLES AND STATISTICS 



OFFICIAL CENSUS 

or THB 

UNITED STATES, BY COUNTIES, FOR 1900 
{From tTie Bulletin of the Director of the Census) 



ALABAMA.— Area, 50,722 square miles. 



Autauga 17,915 

Baldwin 13,194 

Barbour .' 35,152 

Bibb 18,498 

Blount 23,119 

Bullock 31,944 

Butler 25,761 

Calhoun 34,874 

Chambers 32,554 

Cherokee 21,096 

Chilton 16,522 

Choctaw 18,136 

Clarke 27,790 

Clay 17,099 

Cleburne 13,206 

Coffee 20,972 

Colbert 22,341 

Conecuh 17,514 

Coosa 16,144 

Covington 15,346 

Crenshaw 19,668 

Cullman 17,849 



Dale 21,189 

Dallas 54,657 

Dekalb 23,658 

Elmore 26,099 

Escambia 11,320 

Etowah 27,361 

Fayette 14,132 

Franklin. 16,511 

Geneva 19,096 

Greene 24,182 

Hale 31,011 

Henry 36,147 

Jackson 30,508 

Jefferson 140,420 

Lamar 16,084 

Lauderdale 26,559 

Lawrence 20,124 

Lee 31,826 

Limestone 22,387 

Lowndes 35,651 

Macon 23,126 

Madison 43,702 



Marengo 38,316 

Marion 14,494 

Marshall 23,289 

Mobile 62,740 

Monroe 23,666 

Montgomery ... 72,047 

Morgan 28,820 

Perry 31,783 

Pickens 24,402 

Pike 29,172 

Randolph 21,647 

Russell 27,083 

St. Clair 19,425 

Shelby 23,684 

Sumter. 32,710 

Talladega 35,773 

Tallapoosa .... 29,675 

Tuscaloosa 36,147 

Walker 25,162 

Washington.. . . 11,134 

Wilcox 35.631 

Winston 9,554 



Total 1,828,697 

107 



io8 



POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 



AKIZONA.— Area, 113,916 square miles. 



Apache 8,297 

CochiBe 9,251 

Coconino 6,514 

Gila 4,973 

Graham 14,162 



Maricopa 20,457 

Mohave 3,426 

Navajo 8,829 

Pima 14,689 

Pinal 7,779 



Santa Cruz 4,545 

Yavapai 13,799 

Yuma 4,145 

San Carlos In- 
dian Reserv'n. 3,065 



Total 122,931 



AKKANSAS.— Area, 58,198 square miles. 

Arkansas 12,973 Garland 18,773 , Newton 12,538 

Ashley 19.734 Grant 7,671 ; Ouachita 20,892 

Baxter 9.298 1 Greene 16,979 : Perry 7,294 

Benton 31,611 i Hempstead 24,101 : Phillips 26,561 

Boone 16,396 ! Hot Spring 12,748 ; Pike 10,301 

Bradley 9,651 i Howard 14,076 i Poinsett 7,026 

Caihoun 8,539 ; Independence . . 22,557 ! Polk 18,352 

Carroll 18,848 I Izard 13,506 Pope 21,715 

Chicot 14,528 Jackson 18,883 Prairie 11,875 

Clark 21,289 , Jefferson 40,972 , Pulaski 63,179 

I ! 

Clay 15,886 I Johnson 17,448 i Randolph 17,156 

Cleburne 9,628 ; Lafayette 10,594 St. Francis .... 17,157 

Cleveland 11,620 , Lawrence 16,491 Saline 13,122 

Columbia 22,077 Lee 19.409 Scott 13,183 

Conway 19,772 . Lincoln 13,389 Searcy 11,988 

Craighead 19,505 

Crawford 21,270 

Crittenden ..... 14,529 
Cross 11,051 



Little River 13,731 Sebastian 36,935 

Logan 20,563 Sevier 16,339 



Dallas 11,518 ' Marion 



Lonoke 22,544 

Madison 19,864 



11,377 



Desha 11,511 Miller 17,558 

Drew 19,451 Mississippi 16,384 

Faulkner 20,780 Monroe 16,816 

Franklin 17,395 | Montgomery ... 9,444 

Fulton 12,917 Nevada 16,609 



Sharp 12,199 

Stone 8,100 

Union 22,495 

VanBuren 11,220 

Washington.... 34,256 

White 24,864 

Woodruff 16,304 

Yell 22.750 



Total 1,311,564 



CALIFORNIA.— Area, 188,981 square miles. 



Alameda 130,197 

Alpine 609 

Amador 11,116 

Butte 17,117 

Calaveras 11,200 



Glenn 5,150 Mariposa 4,720 

Humboldt 27,104 Mendocino 20,465 



Inyo. . 
Kern. , 



Kings 9,871 i Mono . 



4,377 Merced 9,215 

16,480 ' Modoc 5.076 



2,167 



Colusa 7,364 Lake 6,017 Monterey 19,380 



Contra Costa .. . 18,046 

Del Norte 2,408 

Eldorado 8,986 

Fresno 37,862 



Lasseu 4,511 Napa 16,451 

Los Angeles.. . . 170,298 , Nevada 17,789 

Madera 6,364 ' Orange 19,696 

Marin 15,702 i Placer 15,786 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES 



109 



Plumas 4,657 Santa Barbara. . 18,934 ! Tehama 10,996 

Riverside 17,897 Santa Clara 60,216 j Trinity 4,383 

Sacramento .... 45,915 Santa Cruz 21,512 1 Tulare 18,375 



San Benito 6,633 Shasta ... 17,318 

San Bernardino 27,929 Sierra 4,017 



San Diego ..... 35,090 
San Francisco. .342,782 
San Joaquin... 35,452 



Siskiyou 16,962 

Solano 24,143 

Sonoma 38,480 



San Luis Obispo 16,637 1 Stanislaus 9,550 

San Mateo 12,094 ! Sutter 5,885 

Total 1,485,063 



Tuolumne 11,166 

Ventura 14,367 

Yolo 13,618 

Yuba 8,620 



COLORA.DO.— Area, 104,500 square miles. 



Arapahoe 153,017 

Archuleta 2,117 

Baca 759 

Bent 3,049 

Boulder 21,544 

Chaffee 7,085 

Cheyenne 501 

Clear Creek.... 7,082 

Conejos.. 8,794 

Costilla 4,632 

Custer. 2,937 

Delta 6,487 

Dolores 1,134 

Douglas 3,120 

Eagle 3,008 

Elbert 3,101 

El Paso 31,602 

Fremont 15,636 

Garfield 6,835 

Gilpin 6,690 



Grand 741 

Gunnison 5,331 

Hinsdale 1,609 

Huerfano 8,395 



Jefferson 9,306 Pueblo. 



Park 2,998 

Phillips 1,583 

Pitkin 7,020 

Prowers 3,766 



34,448 



Kiowa 701 

Kit Carson 1,580 

Lake 18,054 

La Plata 7,016 

Larimer 12,168 

Las Animas — 21,84 

Lincoln 926 

Logan. 3,292 

Mesa 9,267 

Mineral 1,913 

Montezuma 3,058 

Montrose 4, 535 

Morgan 3,268 

Otero 11,522 

Ouray 4,731 



Rio Blanco 1,690 

Rio Grande 4,080 

Routt 3,661 

Saguache 3,853 

San Juan 2,342 

San Miguel 5,379 

Sedgwick 971 

Summit 2,744 

Teller 29,002 

Washington. . . . 1,241 

Weld 16,808 

Yuma 1,729 



Total.. 539,700 



CONNECTICUT.— Area, 4,674 square miles. 



Fairfield 184,203 

Hartford 195,415 

Litchfield 63,672 



Middlesex 41,760 

New Haven . . . .269,163 



New London. . . . 82,758 

Tolland 24,523 

Windham 46,861 



Total 908,355 



DELAWARE.— Area, 2,120 square miles. 

Kent 32,762 I Newcastle 109,697 I Sussex 42,276 

Total 184, 735 



no 



POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 



DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.— Area, 60 square miles. 
The District 278,718 



FLORIDA.— Area, 59,268 square miles. 

Alachua 32,245 Hernando 3,638 Nassau 9,654 

Baker 4,516 ! Hillsboro 36,013 Orange 11,374 

Bradford 10,295 | Holmes 7,762 Osceola 3,444 

Brevard 5,158 Jackson 23,377 Pasco 6,054 

Calhoun 5,132 ! Jefferson 16,195 Polk 12,472 



Citrus 5,391 

Clay 5,635 

Columbia 17,094 

Dade 4,955 

DeSoto 8,047 

Duval 39,733 

Escambia 28,313 

Franklin 4,890 

Gadsden 15,294 

Hamilton 11,881 



Lafayette 4.987 

Lake....: 7,467 

Lee 3,071 

Leon 19,887 

Levy 8,603 I 

Liberty 2,956 

Madison 15,446 

Manatee 4,663 

Marion 24,403 

Monroe 18,006 



Putnam 11,641 

St. John 9,165 

Santa Rosa 10,293 

Sumter 6,187 

Suwanee 14,554 

Taylor 3,999 

Volusia 10,003 

Wakulla 5,149 

Walton 9,346 

Washington.... 10,154 



Total 628,542 



GEORGIA.— Area, 58,000 square miles. 



Appling 12,336 

Baker 6,704 

Baldwin 17,768 

Banks 10,545 

Bartow 20,823 



Berrien . 
Bibb.... 
Brooks. . 
Bryan. . . 
Bulloch. 



Burke 

Butts 

Calhoun. . , 
Camden. . . 
Campbell. . 



Carroll 

Catoosa 

Charlton 

Chatham 

Chattahoochee.. 



Chattooga. 
Cherokee. . 

Clarke 

Clay 

Clayton.. . 



19,440 
50,473 
18,606 
6,122 
21,377 

30,165 

12,805 

9,274 

7,669 

9,518 

26,576 

5,823 

, 3,592 

71,239 

5,790 

12,952 

15,243 

17,708 

8,568 

9,598 



CUnch 8,732 

Cobb 24,664 

CofEee 16,169 

Colquitt 13,636 

Columbia 10,653 



Fulton 117,363 

Gihner 10,198 

Glascock 4,516 

Glynn 14,317 

Gordon 14,119 



Coweta 24,980 ! Greene 16,542 

Crawford 10,368 ; Gwinnett 25,585 

Dade 4,578 Habersham .... 13,604 

Dawson 5,442 Hall 20,752 

Decatur 29,454 j Hancock 18,277 

Dekalb 21,112 I Haralson 11,922 

Dodge 13,975 ; Harris 18,009 

Doofy 26,567 i Hart 14,492 



Dougherty 13,679 

Douglas 8,745 

Early 14,828 

Echols 3,209 

Effingham 8,334 

Elbert 19,729 

Emanuel 21,279 



Heard 11,177 

Henry 18,602 

Houston .. 22,641 

Irwin 13,645 

Jackson 24,039 

Jasper 15,033 

Jefferson 18,212 



Fannin 11,214 i Johnson 11,409 

Fayette 10,114 Jones 13,358 

Floyd 33,113 i Laurens 25,908 

Forsyth 11,550 ! Lee 10,344 

Franklin 17,700 i Liberty 13,093 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES 



III 



Lincoln... 7,156 

Lowndes 20,036 

Lumpkin 7,433 

McDuffie 9,804 

Mcintosh 6,537 

Macon 14,093 

Madison 18,224 

Marion 10,080 

Meriwether..... 23,339 
Miller 6,819 

Milton 6,768 

Mitchell 14.767 

Monroe 20,682 

Montgomery.... 16,359 

Morgan 15,813 

Murray 8,623 

Muscogee 29,836 

Newton 16,734 

Oconee 8,602 

Oglethorpe 17,881 

Paulding 12,969 



Pickens 8,641 

Pierce 8,100 i 

Pike 18,761 ' 

Polk 17,856 

Pulaski 18,489 ; 

Putnam 13,436 

Quitman 4,701 

Kabun 6,286 

Randolph 16,847 

Richmond 58,736 

Rockdale 7,515 

Schley 5,499 

Screven 19,252 

Spalding 17,619 

Stewart 15,856 I 

Sumter 26,212 

Talbot 12,197 

Taliaferro 7,912 ! 

Tattnall 20,419 | 

Taylor ... 9,846 

Telfair 10,083 



Terrell 19,023 

Thomas 81,076 

Towns 4,748 

Troup 24,002 

Twiggs 8,716 

Union 8,481 

Upson 13,670 

Walker 15,661 

Walton 20,942 

Ware 13,761 

Warren 11,463 

Washington.... 28,227 
Wayne 9,449 

Webster 6,618 

White 5,912 

Whitfield 14,509 

Wilcox 11,097 

Wilkes 20,866 

Wilkinson 11,440 

Worth 18,664 



Total 2,216,331 



IDAHO.— Area, 86,294 square miles. 



Ada 11,559 I 

Bannock 11,702 ! 

Bear Lake 7,051 

Bingham 10,447 

Blaine 4,900 

Boise 4,174 

Canyon 7,497 



Cassia 3,951 

Custer 2,049 

Elmore 2,286 

Fremont 12,821 

Idaho 9,121 

Kootenai 10,216 

Latah 13,451 



Lemhi 8,446 

Lincoln 1,784 

Nez Perces 13,748 

Oneida 8,933 

Owyhee 3,804 

Shoshone 11,950 

Washington . . . 6,882 



Total 161,772 



ILLINOIS.— Area, 55,405 square miles. 



Adams 67,058 

Alexander 19,384 

Bond 16,078 

Boone i5,791 

Brown 11,557 

Bureau 41,112 

Calhoun 8,917 

CarroU 18,963 

Cass 17,222 

Champaign .... 47,622 

Christian 82,790 

Clark 24,033 

Clay 19,553 

Chnton 19,824 

Coles 34,146 



Cook 1,838,735 , Greene 23,402 

Crawford 19,240 Grundy 24,136 

Cumberland. . 16,124 ! Hamilton 20,197 

Dekalb 31,756 Hancock 32,215 

Dewitt 18,972 Hardin 7,448 



Douglas 19,097 

Dupage 28,196 

Edgar 28,273 

Edwards 10,345 

Effingham.... 20,465 

Fayette 28,065 

Ford 18,359 

Franklin 19,675 

Fulton 46,201 

Gallatin 16,836 



Henderson 10,836 

Henry 40,049 

Iroquois 38,014 

Jackson 33,871 

Jasper 20,160 

Jefferson 28,133 

Jersey 14,612 

Jo Daviess. ... 24,533 

Johnson 15,667 

Kane 78,792 



112 



POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 



Kankakee 37,154 

KendaU 11.467 

Knox 43,612 

Lake 34,504 

Lasalle 87,776 

Lawrence 16.523 

Lee 29,594 

Livingston 42. 085 

Logan 2S.G^0 

McDonongh . . . . 2S,412 

Mc Henry 29,759 

McLean 67.S43 

Macun 44.003 

Macoupin 42.256 

Madison. .. .... 64,694 

Marlon... 30.446 

Marshall 16.370 

Mason 17,491 

Massac... 13.110 

Menard 14,336 



Mercer 20.945 

^[onroe 13.S47 

Montgomery . . . 30.S36 

Morgan 35 M^ 

Moultrie 15,224 

Ogle 29,129 

Peoria SS.60S 

Perry 19,S30 

Piatt 17.706 

Pike 31,595 

Pope 13.5S5 

Pulaski 14.554 

Putnam 4,746 

Eandolph 2S.001 

Richland 16,391 

Eock Island.. .. 55.249 

St. Clair S6.6S5 

Saline 21.6S5 

Sangamon 71.593 

Schuvler 16,129 



Scott 10,455 

Shelby.. 32,126 

Stark 10.1S6 

StephensoiL 34,933 

Tazewell 33,221 

Union 22,610 

Vermilion 65.655 

Wabash 12. 553 

Warren 23.163 

Washington 19,526 

Wavne 8T.626 

White 25,3S6 

Whiteside 34,710 

Will 74,764 

Williamson 27,796 

Winnebago 47,S45 

Woodford 21,S22 



Total 4,821,59ft 



INDL^'A.— Area, 33,S09 square miles. 



Adams 22,232 

Allen 77,270 

Bartholomew... 24.594 

Benton 13,123 

Blackford 17,213 

Boone 26,321 

Brown 9.727 

CarroU 19,9.53 

Cass 34,545 

Clark 31,S35 

Clav 34,2So 

Cliuton 2S.202 

Crawford 13,476 

Daviess 29.914 

Dearborn 22,194 

Decatur 19,.51S 

Dekalb 25,711 

Delaware 49,624 

Dubois 20.357 

Elkhart 45.052 

Favette 13,495 

Ployd 30,115 

Fo^intain 21,446 

Franklin 16.385 

Fulton 17,453 



Gibson 30,099 

Grant 54.693 

Greene 2S,530 

Hamilton 29,914 

Hancock 19,159 

Harrison 21.702 

Hendricks 21,292 

Henry "-iiS.O^S 

Howard 25.575 

Huntington 25,901 

Jackson 26.633 

Jasper 14.292 

Jav 26,515 

Je^.-rson 22.913 

Jennings 15,757 

Johnson 20.223 

Knox 32,746 

Kosciusko 29,109 

Lagrange.. 15.254 

Laiie 37,892 

Laporte 35,356 

Lawrence 25.729 

Madison 70.470 

Marion 197.227 

Marshall 25.119 



Martin 14,T11 

Miami 28,344 

Monroe 20.873 

Montgomery.... 29,388 

Morgan ....' 20,457 

Newton 10,448 

Noble 23.533 

Ohio 4,724 

Orange 16,854 

Owen 15,149 

Parke 23,000 

Perry 18,778 

Pike 20,436 

Porter 19,175 

Posey 22,333 

Pulaski 14,033 

Putnam 21,478 

Randolph 25,653 

Ripley 19.881 

Rush 20.148 

St. Joseph 58.881 

Scott 8.30T 

Shelby 26,491 

Spencer 22.40T 

Starke 10,431 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES 



113 



Steuben 15,219 

Sullivan 26,005 

Switzerland.... 11,840 
Tippecanoe.... 38,659 

Tipton.... 19,116 

Union 6,748 



Vanderburg.... Tl,769 

Vermilion 15,252 

Vigo... 62,035 

Wabash 28,235 

Warren 11,371 

Warrick 22,329 



Washington 19,409 

Wayne 38,9T0 

Wells 23,449 

White 19,138 

Whitley 1T,328 



Total 2,516.492 



IOWA.— Area, 50,914 square miles. 



Adair 16,192 

Adams 13,601 

Allamakee 18,711 

Appanoose 25,927 

Audubon 13,626 

Benton 25,177 

Blackhawk .... 32,399 

Boone 28,200 

Bremer 16,305 

Buchanan 21,427 

Buena Vista.... 16,975 

Butler 17,955 

Calhoun 18,569 

Carroll 20,319 

Cass 21,274 

Cedar.... 19,371 

Cerro Gordo.... 20,672 

Cherokee 16,570 

Chickasaw 17,037 

Clarke 12,440 

Clay 13,401 

Clayton 27,750 

Clinton 43,832 

Crawford 21,685 

Dallas 23,058 

Davis 15,620 

Decatur 18,115 

Delaware 19.185 

Des Moines 35,989 

Dickinson 7,995 

Dubuque 56,403 

Emmet 9,936 

Payette 29,845 



Floyd 17,754 

Franklin 14,996 

Fremont....... 18,546 

Greene 17,820 

Grundy 13,757 

Guthrie 18,729 

Hamilton 19,514 

Hancock 13,752 

Hardin 22,794 

Harrison 25,597 

Henry.... , 20,022 

Howard 14,512 

Humboldt 12,667 

Ida 12,327 

Iowa 19,544 

Jackson 23,615 

Jasper 26,976 

Jefferson 17,437 

Johnson 24,817 

Jones 21,954 

Keokuk 24,979 

Kossuth 22,720 

Lee 39,719 

Linn 55,392 

Louisa 13,516 

Lucas 16,126 

Lyon 13,165 

Madison 17,710 

Mahaska 34,273 

Marion 24,159 

Marshall 29,991 

Mills 16,764 

Mitchell 14,916 



Monona 17,980 

Monroe 17,985 

Montgomery.... 17,803 

Muscatine 28,242 

O'Brien 16,986 

Osceola 8,725 

Page 24,187 

Palo Alto 14,354 

Plymouth....... 22,209 

Pocahontas 15,339 

Polk 82,624 

Pottawattamie.. 54,336 

Poweshiek 19,414 

Ringgold 15,325 

Sac 17,639 

Scott 51,558 

Shelby 17,932 

Sioux 23,337 

Story 23,159 

Tama 24,585 

Taylor ... 18,784 

Union 19,928 

Van Buren 17,354 

Wapello 35,426 

Warren 20,376 

Washington.... 20,718 

Wayne 17,491 

Webster 31,757 

Winnebago 12,725 

Winneshiek.... 23,731 

Woodbury 54,610 

Worth 10,887 

Wright 18,227 



Total 2,231,853 



KANSAS.— Area, 78,418 square miles. 



Allen 19,507 

Anderson 13,938 

Atchison 28,606 

Barber 6,594 



Barton 13,784 

Bourbon 24,712 

Brown 22,369 

Butier 23,363 



Chase 8,246 

Chautauqua.... 11,804 

Cherokee 42,694 

Cheyenne 2,640 



114 



POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 



Clark 1,701 i 

Clay 15,833 i 

Cloud 18,071 I 

Coffey 16,643 

Comanche. 1,619 

Cowley 30,166 

Crawford 38,809 

Decatur 9,234 

Dickinson 21,816 

Doniphan 16,079 

Douglas 25,096 

Edwards 3,682 

Elk 11,443 

Ellis 8,626 

Ellsworth 9,626 

Finney 3,469 

Ford 6,497 

Franklin 21,354 

Geary 10,744 

Gove 2,441 

Graham 6,173 

Grant 422 

Gray 1,264 

Greeley 493 

Greenwood 16,196 

Hamilton 1,426 

Harper 10,310 

Harvey 17,591 

HaekeU 457 

Hodgeman 2,032 

Jackson 17,171 



Jefferson 17,533 

Jewell 19,420 

Johnson 18,104 

Kearny 1,107 

Kingman 10,663 

Kiowa 2.365 

Labette 27,387 

Lane 1,563 

Leavenworth... 40,940 

Lincoln 9,886 

Linn 16,689 

Logan 1,962 

Lyon 25,074 

McPherson 21,421 

Marion 20,676 

Marshall 24,355 

Meade 1,581 

Miami 21,641 

Mitchell 14,647 

Montgomery.... 29,039 

Morris 11,967 

Morton 304 

Nemaha 20.376 

Neosho 19,254 

Ness 4,536 

Norton 11,325 

Osage 23,669 

Osborne 11,844 

Ottawa 11,182 

Pawnee 6,084 

Phillips 14,442 



Pottawatomie . . 18,470 

Pratt 7,085 

Rawiins 6,241 

Reno 29,027 

Republic 18,248 

Rice ]4,74& 

Riley 13,828 

Rooks 7,960 

Rugh 6,134 

Russell 8.489 

Saline 17,076 

Scott 1,098 

Sedgwick 44,037 

Seward 822 

Shawnee 53,727 

Sheridan 3,819 

Sherman 3,341 

Smith 16,384 

Stafford 9,82* 

Stanton 327 

Stevens 620 

Sumner 25,631 

Thomas 4,112 

Trego 2,722 

Wabaunsee .... 12,813 

Wallace........ 1,178 

Washington.... 21,963 

Wichita 1,197 

Wilson. ...... 16,621 

Woodson 10,022 

Wyandotte. ... 73,227 



Total 1,470,495 



KENTUCKY.— Area, 37,680 square miles. 



Adair 14,888 i Butler . . . . 

Allen 14.657 ' Caldwell . . 

Anderson 10,051 i Calloway . 

Ballard 10,761 ' Campbell . 

Barren 23,197 Carlisle . , . 



Bath 14,734 

Bell 15.701 

Boone 11,170 

Bourbon 18,069 

Boyd 18,834 



Boyle 13,817 Clay 

Bracken 12,137 \ Clinton 

Breathitt 14,322 Crittenden . . . 

Breckinridge... 20,534 j Cmnberland.. 

Bullitt 9,602 I DavTess 



Carroll 

Carter .... 

Casey 

Christian 
Clark .... 



15,896 i 
14.510 : 
17,633 
54,223 i 
10,195 j 

9,825 ■ 
20.228 

15,144 : 

37,962 ! 
16.694 



Edmonson 10,080 

ElUott 10,387 

Estill ... 11,669 

Fayette 42,071 

Fleming 17,074 

Floyd 15,552 

Franklin 20,862 

Fulton. 11,646 

Gallatin 5,163 

Garrard 12,042 



15,364! Grant 13,2.39 

7.871 I Graves 33,204 

15.191 i Grayson 19,878 

8,962 I Green 12,255 

38,667 j Greenup. ..... . 15,432 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES 



115 



Hancock 8,914 ! Logan 25,994 Perry 8,276 



Hardin 22,937 

Harlan 9,838 

Harrison 18,570 

Hart 18,390 

Henderson 32,907 

Henry 14,620 

Hickman 11,745 

Hopkins 30,995 

Jackson 10,561 

Jefferson 232,549 

Jessamine 11,925 

Johnson 13,730 

Kenton 63,591 

Knott 8,704 

Knox 17,372 

Larue 10,764 

Laurel 17,592 

Lawrence 19,612 

Lee 7,988 

Leslie 6,753 

Letcher 9,172 

Lewis 17,868 

Lincoln 17,059 

Livingston 11,354 



Lyon 9,319 Pike' 22,6 

McCracken 28,733 Powell 6,443 

McLean 12,448 Pulaski 31,293 

Madison 25,607 I Robertson 4,900 



Magoffin 12,006 

Marion 16,290 

Marshall 13,692 I 

Martin 5,780 i 

Mason 20,446 1 



Rockcastle 1^.,416 

Rowan 8,277 

Russell 9,695 

Scott 18,076 

Shelby 18,340 



Meade 10,533 ' Simpson 11,624 

Menifee 6,818 ■ Spencer 7,406 

Mercer 14,426 1 Taylor 11,075 

Metcalf . . 9,978 ; Todd 17,371 

Monroe ........ 13,053 j Trigg 14,073 



Montgomery . . . 12,034 

Morgan 12,792 

Muhlenberg 20.741 

Nelson 16,587 

Nicholas 11,952 

Ohio 27,287 

Oldham 7,078 

Owen 17,553 

Owsley 6,874 

Pendleton 14,947 



Trimble 7,272 

Union 21,326 

Warren 29,970 

Washington.... 14,182 
Wayne 14,892 

Webster 20,097 

Whitley 25,015 

Wolfe 8,764 

Woodford 13,134 



Total 2,147,174 



LOUISIANA.— Area, 41,255 square miles. 



Acadia 


23,483 


Iberville 


. 27,006 


Ascension 


24,142 


Jackson 


. 9,119 


Assumption .. 


. 21,620 


Jefferson 


. 15,321 


Avoyelles 


29,701 


Lafayette 


. 22.825 


Bienville 


17,588 


Lafourche 


. 28,882 


Bossier 


24,153 


Lincoln 


. 15,898 


Caddo 


44,499 


Livingston — 


. 8,100 


Calcasieu 


30,428 


Madison 


. 12,322 


Caldwell 


6,917 


Morehouse 


. 16,634 


Cameron 


3,952 


Natchitoches . . 


. 33,216 


Catahoula 


. 16,351 


Orleans 


.287,104 


Claiborne 


. 23,029 


Ouachita 


. 20,947 


Concordia 


13,559 


Plaquemines . . 


. 13,039 


De Soto 


25,063 


Pointe Coupee. 


. 25,777 


East Baton 




Rapides 


. 39,578 


Rouge. 


. 31,153 










Red River 


. 11,548 


East Carroll... 


11,373 


Richland 


. 11,116 


East Feliciana. 


20,443 


Sabine 


. 15,421 


Frankhn 


8,890 


St. Bernard . . . 


. 5,031 


Grant 


12,902 


St. Charles .... 


. 9,072 


Iberia 


29.015 







St. Helena 

St. James 

St. John the Bap- 
tist 

St. Landry 

St. Martin 



St. Mary 

St. Tammany . 
Tangipahoa . . . 

Tensas 

Terrebonne . . . 



Union 

Vermilion 

Vernon 

Washington. . . 
Webster 



8,479 
20,197 

12,330 
52,906 
18,940 

34,145 
13,335 
17,625 
19,070 
24,464 

18,520 
20.705 
10,327 
9,628 
15,125 



West Baton 

Rouge.. 
West Carroll. . . 
West Feliciana. 
Winn 



10,285 
3,685 

15,994 
9,648 



ToTlL 1,381,6 



Ii6 



POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 



MAINE.— Area, 31,766 square miles. 



Androscoggin.. 54.242 

Aroostook 60,744 

Cumberland.... 100,689 

Franklin 18,444 

Hancock 37,241 

Kennebec ...... 59, 117 



Knox 30,406 

Lincoln 19,669 

Oxford 32,238 

Penobscot 76,246 

Piscataquis .... 16,949 

~ idahoc 20,330 



Somerset 33,849 

Waldo 24.185 

Washington.... 45,233 

York 64,885 



Total 694,466 



MARYLAND.— Area, 11,124 square miles. 



Allegany 53,694 

Anne Arundel.. 40,018 

Baltimore 90,755 

Baltimore City. . 508,957 
Calvert 10,223 

Caroline 16.248 

Carroll . 33,860 

Cecil 24,662 

Charles 18,316 



Dorchester 27,962 



Frederick . 
Garrett. . . . 
Harford . . 
Howard. . 
Kent 



Montgomery . . . 
Prince George. 



51,920 

17,701 
28,269 
16,715 

18,786 

30,451 
29,898 



Queen Anne. .. . 18,364 

St. Mary 18,136 

Somerset 25,923 

Talbot 20,342 

Washington 45,133 

Wicomico 22,852 

Worcester 20,865 



Total 1,190,050 



MASSACHUSETTS.— Area, 7,800 square miles. 

Barnstable 27,826 Franklin 41.209 ! Norfolk 151,539 

Berkshire 95,667 Hampden 175,603 : Plymouth 118,985 

Bristol 252,029 Hampshire .... 58,820 , Suffolk 611,417 

Dukes 4,561 IMiddlesex 565,696 Worcester 346,958 

Essex 357,030 , Nantucket 3,006 | 

Total 2,805,346 



MICHIGAN.— Area, 56,243 square miles. 



Alcona 5,691 

Alger 5,868 

Allegan 38,812 

Alpena 18,254 

Antrim 16,568 

Arenac 9,821 

Baraga 4,320 

Barry 22,514 

Bav 62,378 

Benzie 9,685 

Berrien 49,165 

Branch 27,811 

Calhoun 49,315 

Cass 20,876 

Charlevoix 13,956 



Cheboygan 15,516 Houghton 66,063 

Chippewa 21,338 Hnron 34,162 

Clare 8,360 Ingham 39,818 

CUnton 25,136 Ionia 34,329 

Crawford 2,943 Iosco 10,246 



Delta 23,881 

Dickinson 17,890 

Eaton 31,668 

Emmet 15.931 

Genesee 41,804 

Gladwin 6,564 

Gogebic 16,738 

Grand Traverse 20,479 

Gratiot 29,889 , 

Hillsdale 29,865 , 



\ Iron 8,990 

Isabella........ 22,784 

Jackson 48,222 

Kalamazoo 44,310 

Kalkaska 7,133 

Kent 129,714- 

Keweenaw 3,217 

Lake 4,957 

Lapeer 27,641 

Leelanaw 10,556 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES 



117 



Lenawee 48,406 

Livingstoii 19,664 

Luce 2.983 

Mackinac T,T03 

Macomb 33,244 

Manistee 27,856 

Maniton 

41,239 

Mason 18,885 

Mecosta 20,693 

Menominee 27,046 

Midland 14,439 

Missaukee 9,808 

Monroe 32,754 



Montcalm 32,754 

Montmorency . . 3,234 

Muskegon 37,036 

Newaygo 17,673 

Oakland 44,792 

Oceana 16,644 

Ogemaw - 7,765 

Ontonagon 6.197 

Osceola 17,859 

Oscoda 1,468 

Otsego 6,175 

Ottawa 39,667 

Presque Isle. . . . 8,821 



Roscommon 1,787 

Saginaw 81,222 

St. Clair 55,228 

St. Joseph 23,889 

Sanilac 35,055 

Schoolcraft .... 7,889 

Shiawassee 33,866 

Tuscola 35,890 

VanBuren 33,274 

Washtenaw.... 47,761 

Wayne 348,793 

Wexford 16,845 



Total 2,420,1 



MINNESOTA.— Area, 95,274 square miles. 



Aitkin 6,743 

Anoka 11,313 

Becker 14,375 

Beltrami. 11,030 

Benton 9,912 

Bigstone 8,731 

Blue Earth 32,263 

Brown 19,787 

Carlton 10,017 

€arver 17,544 

Cass 7,777 

Chippewa 12,499 

Chisago 13,248 

Clay 17,942 

Cook 810 

Cottonwood.... 12,069 

Crow Wing.... 14,250 

Dakota 21,733 

Dodge 13,340 

Douglas 17,964 

Faribault 22,055 

Fillmore 28,238 

Freeborn 21,838 

Goodhue 31,137 

Grant 8,935 

Hennepin 228,340 

Houston 15,400 

Hubbard 6,578 



Isanti 11,675 

Itasca 4,573 

Jackson 14,793 

Kanabec 4,614 

Kandiyohi 18,416 

Kittson 7,889 

Lac qui Parle.. 14,289 

Lake 4,654 

Lesueur 20,234 

Lincoln 8,966 

Lyon 14,591 

McLeod 19,595 

Marshall 15,698 

Martin 16,936 

Meeker 17,753 

Millelacs 8,066 

Morrison 22,891 

Mower 22,335 

Murray 11,911 

Nicollet 14,774 

Nobles 14,932 

Norman 15,045 

Olmsted 23,119 

Ottertal 45,375 

Pine 11,546 

Pipestone 9,264 

Polk 35,429 

Pope . . : 12,577 



Ramsey 170,554 

Red Lake 12,195 

Redwood 17,261 

Renville 23,693 

Rice 26,080 

Rock 9,668 

Roseau 6,994 

St. Louis 82,932 

Scott 15,147 

Sherburne 7,281 

Sibley 16,862 

Steams 44,464 

Steele 16,524 

Stevens 8,721 

Swift 13,503 

Todd 22,214 

Traverse 7,573 

Wabasha 18,924 

Wadena 7,921 

Waseca 14,760 

Washington.... 27,808 

Watonwan 11,496 

Wilkin 8.080 

Winona 35,686 

Wright 29,157 

White Earth In- 
dian Reserva- 
tion 3,486 

Yellow Medicine 14,602 



Total , 1,751,394 



Ii8 



POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 



MISSISSIPPI.— Area, 47,156 square miles. 



Adams 30,111 

Alcom 14,987 

Amite 20,708 

Attala 26,248 

Benton 10,510 



Itawamba 13,544 

Jackson 16,513 

Jasper 15,394 

Jefferson 21,292 

Jones 17,846 



Perry 14,682 

Pike 27,545 

Pantotoc 18,274 

Prentiss 15,788 

Quitman 6,435 



Bolivar 35,427 Kemper 20,492 Rankin 20,955 

Calhoun 16,512 Lafayette 22,110 Scott 14,316 

Carroll 22,116 Lauderdale 38,150 I Sharkey 12,178 

Chickasaw 19,892 ! Lawrence 15,103 Simpson 12,800 

Choctaw 13,036 \ Leake 17,360 Smith 13,055 



Claiborne 20,787 Lee 21,956 

Clarke 17.741 , Leflore 23,834 

Clay 19,563 | Lincoln 21.552 

Coahoma 26,293 j Lowndes 29,095 

Copiah 34,395 Madison 32,493 



Covington 13,076 ; 

DeSoto 24,751 

Franklin 13,678 

Greene 6,795 

Grenada 14,112 

Hancock 11,886 

Harrison 21,002 | 

Hinds 52,577 I 

Holmes 36,828 | 

Issaquena 10,400 i 



Marion 13,501 

Marshall 27,674 

Monroe 31,216 

Montgomery. . . 16,536 
Neshoba 12,726 

Newton 19,708 

Noxubee 30,846 

Oktibbeha 20,183 

Panola 29,027 

Pearl River 6,697 



Sunflower 16,084 

Tallahatchie.... 19,600 

Tate 20,618 

Tippah 12,983 

Tishomingo.... 10,124 

Tunica 16,479 

Union 16,522 

Warren 40,912 

Washington.... 49,216 

Wayne 12,539 

Webster 13,619 

Wilkinson 21,453 

Winston 14,124 

Yalobusha 19,742 

Yazoo 43,948 



Total 1,551,270 



MISSOURI. —Area, 67,380 square miles. 

A-lair 21 ,728 Chariton 26,826 | Harrison 24,398 

Andrew 17,332 l Christian 16,939 ! Henry 28,054 

Atchison 16,501 I Clark 15,383 '\ Hickory 9,985 

Audrain 21,160 j Clay 18,903 Holt 17,083 

Barry 25,532 I Clinton 17,363 Howard 18,33T 



Howell 21,834 

Iron 8,716 



Barton 18,253 I Cole 20,578 

Bates 30,141 Cooper 22,532 

Benton 16,556 | Crawford 12,959 | Jackson 195,193 

Bollinger 14,650 : Dade 18,125 Jasper 84,018 

Boone 28,642 Dallas 13,903 | Jefferson. ...... 25,712 



Buchanan 121,838 

Butler 16,769 

Caldwell 16,656 

Callaway.. 25,984 

Camden 13,113 

Cape Girardeau 24,315 

Carroll 26,455 

Carter 6,706 

Cass 23,636 

Cedar 16,923 



Daviess 21,325 

Dekalb 14,418 

Dent 12,986 

Douglas 16,802 

DunkUn , . 21,706 

Franklin 30,581 

Gasconade .... 12,298 

Gentry 20,554 

Greene 52,713 

Grundy 17,832 



Johnson 27,843 

Knox ... 13,479 

Laclede 16,523 

Lafayette , 31,679 

Lawrence 31,662 

Lewis 16,724 

Lincoln 18,352 

Linn 25,503 

Livingston 22,302 

McDonald 13,574 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES 



119 



Macon 33,018 

Madison 9,975 

Maries 9,616 

Marion 26,331 

Mercer......... 14,706 

Miller 15,187 

Mississippi 11,837 

Moniteau 15,931 

Monroe 19,716 

Montgomery.... 16,571 

Morgan 12,175 

New Madrid... . 11,280 

Newton 27,001 

Nodaway 32,938 

Oregon 13,906 

Osage ,, 14,096 

Ozark. 12,145 

Pemiscot 12,115 

Perry 15,134 

Total 



Pettis 32,438 I 

Phelps 14,194 ' 

Pike 25,744 ! 

Platte 16,193 

Polk 23,255 

Pulaski 10,394 



Putnam . . . 

RaUs 

Randolph. 

Ray 

Reynolds . . 



Ripley 

St. Charles 

St. Clair 

Ste. Genevieve. 
St. Francois — 



16,688 
12,287 
24,442 
24,805 
8,161 

13,186 
24,474 
17,907 
10,359 
24,051 



St. Louis 50,040 

St. Louis City.. 575,238 



Saline 33.703 

Schuyler 10,840 

Scotland 13,232 

Scott 13,092 

Shannon 11,247 

Shelby 16,167 

Stoddard 24,669 

Stone 9,892 

Sullivan 20,282 

Taney 10,127 

Texas 22,192 

Vernon 31,619 

Warren 9,919 

Washington 14,263 

Wayne 15,309 

Webster 16,640 

Worth 9,832 

Wright 17,519 



.3,106,665 



MONTANA.— Area, 143,776 square miles. 



Beaverhead 5,615 

Broadwater 2, 641 

Carbon 7,533 

Cascade 25,777 

Choteau 10,966 

Custer 7,891 

Dawson 2,443 

Deerlodge 17,393 

Fergus 6,937 



Flathead 9,375 



Gallatin 9, 

Granite 4, 

Jefferson 5, 

Lewis and Clarkel9, 

Madison 7, 

Meagher 2, 

Missoula 13, 



Park T,341 

Ravalli 7,822 

Silverbow 47,635 

Sweet Grass 3i)86 

Teton 5,080 

Valley 4,355 

Yellowstone 6,212 

Crow Indian Res- 
ervation 2,660 



Total 243,339 



NEBRASKA.— Area, 75,995 square miles. 



Adams 18,840 

Antelope 11,344 

Banner 1,114 

Blaine 603 

Boone 11,689 

Boxbutte 5,572 

Boyd 7,332 

Brown 3,470 

Buffalo 20,254 

Burt 13,040 

Butler. 15,703 

Cass 21,330 

Cedar 12,467 

Chase 2,559 

Cherry 6,541 

Cheyenne 5,570 



Clay 15,735 

Colfax 11,211 

Cuming 14,584 

Custer.... 19,758 

Dakota 6,286 

Dawes 6,215 

Dawson 12,214 

Deuel ... 2,630 

Dixon 10,535 

Dodge 22,298 

Douglas 140,590 

Dundy 2,434 

Fillmore 15,087 

Franklin 9,455 

Frontier 8.781 

Furnas 12,373 



30,051 

Garfield 2,127 

Gosper 5,301 

Grant 763 

Greeley 5,691 

Hall 17,206 

Hamilton 13,330 

Harlan 9,370 

Hayes 2,708 

Hitchcock 4.409 

Holt 12,224 

Hooker 432 

Howard 10,343 

Jefferson 15,196 

Johnson 11.197 

Kearney 9,866 



I20 



POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 



Keith 1,951 

Keyapaha 3,076 

Kimball 758 

Knox 14,343 

Lancaster 64,835 

Lincoln 11,416 

Logan 960 

Loup 1,305 

McPhereon 517 

Madison 16,976 

Merrick 9,255 

Nance 8,222 j 

Nemaha 14,952 

Nuckolls 12,414 



Otoe 22,288 

Pawnee 11,770 

Perkins 1,702 

Phelps 10,772 

Pierce 8,445 

Platte 17,747 

Polk 10,542 

Redwillow 9,604 

Richardson 19,614 

Rock 2,809 

Saline 18,252 

Sarpy 9,080 

Saunders 22,085 

Scotts Bluff .... 2,552 



Seward 15,690 

Sheridan 6,033 

Sherman 6,550 

Sioux 2,055 

Stanton 6,959 

Thayer 14,325 

Thomas 628 

Thurston 8,756 

Valley 7,339 

Washington.... 13,086 

Wayne 9,862 

Webster 11,619 

Wheeler ....... 1,362 

York 18,205 



Total. 



.1,068,539 



NEVADA.— Area, 122,090 square miles. 



Churchill 830 

Douglas 1,534 

Elko 5,688 

Esmeralda 1,972 

Eureka 1,954 



Humboldt 4,463 

Lander 1,534 

Lincoln 3,284 

Lyon 2,268 

Nye.. 1,140 



Ormsby 2,893 

Storey 3,67^ 

Washoe 9,141 

White Pine 1,961 



Total 42, 335 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

Grafton 40,844 

Hillsboro 112,640 

Merrimack 52,430 

Rockingham... 51,118 

Total 41 1,588 



Belknap 19,526 

Carroll 16,895 

Cheshire 31,321 

Coos 29,468 



Area, 9,280 square miles. 

Strafford 39,33T 

Sullivan 18,009 



NEW JERSEY.— Area, i3, 320 square miles. 



Atlantic 46,402 

Bergen 78,441 

Burlington 58,241 

Camden 107,643 

Cape May 13,201 

Cumberland.. .. 51,193 
359,053 



Gloucester 31,905 

Hudson 386,048 

Hunterdon 34,507 

Mercer 95,365 

Middlesex 79,762 

Monmouth 82,057 

Morris 65,156 



Ocean 19,747 

Passaic 155,202 

Saiem 25,530 

Somerset 32,948 

Sussex 24,134 

Union 99,353 

Warren 37,781 



Total 1,883,669 

NEW MEXICO.— Area, 121,201 square miles. 



Bernalillo 28,630 

Chaves 4,773 

Colfax 10,150 

Donna Ana 10,187 

Eddy 3,229 

Grant 12,883 

Guadalupe 5.. 429 



Lincoln 4,953 

Mora 10,304 

Otero 4,791 

Rio Arriba 13,777 

San Juan 4,828 

San Miguel .... 22,053 



Santa Fe 14,658 

Sierra 3,168 

Socorro 12,195 

Taos.... 10,889 

Union 4,528 

Valencia 13,895 



Total 195,310 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES 



121 



NEW YORK,— Area, 47,800 square miles. 



Albany 165,571 

Allegany 41,501 

Broome 69,149 

Cattaraugus . . . 65,643 
Cayuga 66,234 

Chautauqua.... 88,314 

Chemung 54,063 

Chenango 36,568 

Clinton 47,430 

Columbia 43,211 

Cortland 27,576 

Delaware 46,413 

Dutchess 81,670 

Erie 433,686 

30,707 



Franklin 42,853 

Fulton 42,842 

Genesee 34,561 

Greene 31,478 

Hamilton 4,947 



Herkimer 51,049 

Jefferson 76,748 

Kings 1,166,582 

Lewis 27,427 

Livingston. .. 37,059 

Madison 40,545 

Monroe ...... 217,854 

Montgomery . . 47,488 

Nassau 55,448 

New York..,. 2, 050,600 

Niagara 74,961 

Oneida 132,800 

Onondaga. . . . 168,735 

Ontario 49,605 

Orange 103,859 

Orleans 30,164 

Oswego 70,881 

Otsego 48,939 

Putnam 13,787 

Queens 152,999 



Rensselaer 121,697 

Richmond 67,021 

Rockland 38,298 

St. Lawrence... 89,083 
Saratoga 61,089 

Schenectady.... 46,852 

Schoharie 26,854 

Schuyler 15,811 

Seneca 28,114 

Steuben 82,822 

Suffolk 77,582 

Sullivan 32,306 

Tioga 27,951 

Tompkins 33,830 

Ulster 88,422 

Warren 29,943 

Washington . . . 45,624 

Wayne 48,660 

Westchester. . . . 183,375 

Wyoming 30,413 

Yates 20,318 

Total 7, 268,012 



NORTH CAROLINA.— Area, 50,704 square miles. 



Alamance 25,665 

Alexander 10,960 

Alleghany 7,759 

Anson 21,870 

Ashe 19,581 

Beaufort 26.404 

Bertie 20,538 

Bladen 17,677 

Brunswick 12,657 

Buncombe 44,288 

Burke 17,699 

Cabarrus....... 22,456 

Caldwell 15,694 

Camden 5,474 

Carteret 11,811 

Caswell 15,028 

Catawba 22,133 

Chatham 23,912 

Cherokee 11,860 

Chowan 10,258 

Clay 4,532 

Cleveland 25,078 

Columbus 21,274 



Craven 24,160 

Cumberland . . . 29,249 

Currituck 6,529 

Dare 4,757 

Davidson 23,403 

Davie 12,115 

Dulpin 22,405 

Durham 26,233 

Edgecombe 26,591 

Fors5i:h 35,261 

Franklin 25,116 

Gaston 27,903 

Gates 10,413 

Graham 4,343 

Granville 23,263 

Greene 12,038 

Guilford.. ...... 39,074 

Halifax 30,793 

Harnett 15,988 

Haywood 16,222 

Henderson 14,104 

Hertford 14,294 



Hyde 9,278 

Iredell 29,064 

Jackson 11,853 

Johnston 32,250 

Jones 8,226 

Lenoir 18,639 

Lincoln 15,498 

McDowell 12,567 

Macon 12,104 

Madison 20,644 

Martin 15,383 

Mecklenburg... 55,268 

Mitchell 15,221 

Montgomery 14,197 

Moore 23,622 

Nash 25.478 

New Hanover. . 25,785 
Northampton . . 21,150 

Onslow 11,940 

Orange 14,690 

Pamlico 8,045 

Pasquotank.... 13,660 
Pender 13,381 



122 



POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 



Perquimans — 10,091 
Person 16,685 

Pitt 30,889 

Polk 7,004 

Randolph 28,2.32 

Richmond 28,408 

Robeson 40,371 

Rockingham... 38,163 
Rowan 31,066 



Rutherford 25,101 

Sampson 26,360 

Stanly 15,220 

Stokes 19,866 

Surry 25,515 

Swain 8,401 

Transylvania .. 6,620 

Tyrrell 4,980 

Union 27,156 



Total . 



Vance 16,684 

Wake 54,636 

Warren 19,151 

Washington . . . 10,608 

Watauga 13,417 

Wayne 31,356 

Wilkes 26,872 

Wilson 23,596 

Yadkin 14,083 

Yancey 11,464 

1,893,810 



NORTH DAKOTA.— Area, 72,000 square miles. 



Barnes 13,159 

Benson 8,320 

Billings 975 i 

Bottineau 7,532 | 

Burleigh 6,081 ! 

Cass 28,625 

Cavalier 12,580 \ 

Dickey 6,061 ' 

Eddy 3,330 

Emmons 4,349 

I 

Foster 3,770 

Grand Forks. . . 24,459 
Griggs 4,744 



Kidder 1,754 i Richland 17,387 

Lamoure 6,048 Rolette 7,995 

Logan 1,625 j Sargent 6,039 

McHenry 5,253 ! Stark 7,621 

Mcintosh 4,818 Steele 5,888 



McLean 4,791 

Mercer 1,778 

Morton 8,069 

Nelson 7,316 

Oliver 990 

Pembina 17,869 

Pierce 4,765 

Ramsey 9,198 

i Ransom 6,919 



Stutsman 9,143 

Towner 6,491 

Traill 13.107 

Walsh 20,288 

Ward 7,961 

WeUs 8,310 

Williams 1,530 

Standing Rock 
Indian Reserva- 
tion 2,208 



Total 319,146 



OHIO.— Area, 39,964 square miles. 



Adams 26,828 

Allen 47,976 

Ashland 21,184 

Ashtabula 51,448 

Athens 38,780 

Auglaize 31,192 

Belmont 60,875 

Brown 28,237 

Butler 56,870 

Carroll 16,811 , 

Champaign .... 26,642 ' 

Clark 58,939; 

Clermont 31,610 j 

Clinton 24,202 

Columbiana.... 68,590 : 

Coshocton 29,337 

Crawford 83,915 

Cuyahoga 439,120 

Darke 42,582 

Defiance 26,387 . 



Delaware 26.401 

Erie 37,650 

Fairfield 34,259 

Fayette 21,725 

Franklin 164,460 ; 



Jefferson 44,357 

Knox 27,768 

Lake 21,680 

Lawrence 39,534 

Licking 47,070 



Fulton 22,801 j Logan 30,420 

GaUia 27.918 Lorain 54,857 



Gteauga 14,744 

Greene 31,613 

Guernsey 34,425 j 

Hamilton 409,479 I 

Hancock 41,993 

Hardin 31,187 

Harrison 20,486 

Henry 27,282 j 

Highland 30.982 j 

Hocking 24,398 i 

Holmes 19.511 

Huron 3-2MQ , 

Jackson 34,248 , 



Lucas 158,559 

Madison 20,590 

Mahoning 70,134 

Marion 28,678 

Medina 21.958 

Meigs 28,620 

Mercer 28,021 

Miami 43,105 

Monroe 27,031 

Montgomery . . .180,146 

Morgan 17,905 

Morrow 17,879 

Muskingum . . . 53,185 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES 



123 



Noble 19,466 

Ottawa 22,213 

Paulding 27,528 

Perry 31,841 

Pickaway 27,016 

Pike 18,172 

Portage 29,246 

Preble 23,713 

Putnam 32,525 

Richland 44,289 



Ross 40,940 

Sandusky 34,311 

Scioto 40,981 

Seneca 41,163 

Shelby 24,625 

Stark 94,747 

Summit 71,715 

Trumbull 46,591 

Tuscarawas 53,751 

Union 22,342 



Van Wert 30,394 

Vinton 15,330 

Warren 25,584 

Washington. . . . 48,245 
Wayne 87,870 

Williams 24,953 

Wood 51,555 

Wyandot 21,125 



Total 4,157,545 



OKLAHOMA.— Area, 2,950 square miles. 



Beaver 3,051 

Blaine 10,65S 

Canadian 15,981 

Cleveland 16.388 

Custer 12,264 

Day 2,173 

Dewey 8,819 

Garfield 22.076 

Grant 17,273 



Greer 17,922 

Kay 22,530 

Kingfisher 18,501 

Lincoln 27,007 

Logan 26,538 

Noble 14,015 

Oklahoma 25,854 

Pawnee 12,366 



Payne 20,909 

Pottawatomie . . 26,412 

Roger Mills ... , 6,190 

Washita 15,001 

Woods 34,975 

Woodward 7,469 

Indian Reserva- 
tion 12,873 



Total 389,245 



OREGON.— Area, 102,606 square miles. 



Baker 15,597 

Benton 6,706 

Clackamas 19,658 

Clatsop 12,765 



op... 
ubia 



Columbia 6,237 

Coos 10,324 

Crook 3,964 

Curry 1,868 

Douglas 14,565 

Gilliam 3.201 

Grant 5,948 



Harney 2,598 

Jackson 13,698 

Josephine 7,517 

Klamath.... o.. 3,970 

Lake.... 2,847 

Lane 19,604 

Lincoln 3,575 

Linn 18,603 

Malheur 4,203 

Marion 27,713 

Morrow 4,151 



Multomah 103,167 

Polk 9,923 

Sherman 3,477 

Tillamook 4,471 

Umatilla 18,049 

Union 16,070 

Wallowa 6,538 

Wasco 13,199 

Washington. . . . 14,467 

Wheeler 2,443 

Yamhill 13,420 



Total 413,536 



PENNSYLVANIA.-Area, 46,000 square miles. 



Adams 34,496 

Allegheny 775.058 

Armstrong 52,551 

Beaver.... 66,432 

Bedford 39,468 

Berks 159,615 

Blair 85,099 

Bradford 59,4o3 

Bucks 71,190 

Butler 56,962 



Cambria 104,837 

Cameron 7,048 

Carbon 44,510 

Center 42,894 



Cumberland.. .. 50,344 

Dauphin 114,443 

Delaware 94.762 

Elk 32,903 



Chester 95,695 Erie 98,473 

Fayette 110,412 

Forest 11,039 

Franklin 54,902 

Fulton 9,924 

Greene 28,281 



Clarion 34,283 

Clearfield 80,614 

Clinton 29.197 

Columbia 39,896 

Crawford 63.343 



124 



POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 



Huntingdon.... 34,650 

Indiana 42,656 

JefeeiBon 59,113 

Juniata 16,054 

Lackawanna. . .193,831 

Lancaster 159,241 

Lawrence 57,042 

Lebanon 53,827 

Lehigh 93,893 

Luzerne 257,121 

Lycoming 75,663 

McKean 5L343 

Mercer 57,387 



Mifflin 23,160 

Monroe 21,161 

Montgomery . . . 138,995 

Montour 15,526 

Northampton... 99,687 
Northumberland 9C,911 
Perry 26,263 

Philadelphia.. 1,393,697 

Pike 8,766 

Potter 30,621 

Schuylkill 172,927 

Snyder 17,304 



Somerset 49,461 

Sullivan 12,134 

Susquehanna... 40,043 

Tioga 49,086 

Union 17,592 

Venango 49,648 

Warren 38,946 

Washington.... 92,181 

Wayne 30,171 

Westmoreland. .160,175 

Wyoming 17,152 

York 116,413 



Total 6,302,115 



RHODE ISLAND.— Area, 1,306 square miles. 



Bristol 13.144 1 

Kent 29,976 



Newport 82,599 I Washington. . . . 24,164 

Providence ....328,683 I 



Total 428,566 



SOUTH CAROLINA.— Area, 29,385 square miles. 



Abbeville 33,400 

Aiken 39,032 

Anderson 55,728 

Bamberg 17,296 

Bamwefl 35,504 

Beaufort 35,495 

Berkeley 30,454 

Charleston 88,006 

Cherokee 21,359 

Chester 28,616 

Chesterfield.... 20,401 

Clarendon 28,184 

Colleton 33,452 

Darlington 32,388 



Dorchester 16,294 

Edgefield 25,478 

Fairfield 29,425 

Florence 28,474 

Georgetown.... 22,846 

Greenville 53,490 

Greenwood 28,343 

Hampton 23,738 

Horry 23,364 

Kershaw 24,696 

Lancaster 24,311 

Laurens 37,382 

Lexington 27,264 



Marion 35,181 

Marlboro 27,639 

Newberry 30,182 

Oconee 23,634 

Orangeburg. . . . 59,663 

Pickens 19,375 

Richland 45,589 

Saluda 18,966 

Spartanburg . . . 65,560 

Sumter 51,237 

Union 25,501 

Williamsburg.. 31,685 

York 41,664 



Total 1,340,316 



SOUTH DAKOTA.— Area, 78,932 square miles. 



Aurora 4,011 

Beadle 8,081 

Bonhomme 10.379 

Brookings 12,561 

Brown 15,286 

Brule 5,401 

Buffalo 1,790 

Bdtte 2,907 

Campbell 4,527 

Charles Mix.... 8,498 



Clark 6,942 

Clay 9,316 

Coddington .... 8,770 

Custer 2,728 

Davison 7,483 

Day 12,254 

Deuel 6,656 

Douglas 5,012 

Edmunds 4,9)6 

Fall River 3,541 i 



Faulk 3,547 

Grant 9,103 

Gregory 2,211 

Hamlin 5,945 

Hand 4,525 

Hanson 4,947 

Hughes 3,684 

Hutchinson .... 11,897 

Hyde 1,492 

Jerauld 2,798 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES 



I2S 



Kingsbury 9,666 

Lake.....' 9,137 

Lawrence 17,897 

Lincoln 12,161 

Lyman 2,632 

McCook 8,689 

McPherson .... 6,;^27 

Marshall 5,942 

Meade 4,907 



Miner 5,864 

Minnehaha 23,926 

Moody 8,326 

Pennington 5.610 

Potter 2,988 

Roberts 12,216 

Sanborn 4,644 

Spink 9,487 



Stanley. 
Sully..., 
Turner.. 



Union 

Walworth 

Yankton 

Indian Reserva- 
tion 



Total. 



1,349 
1,715 

18,175 

11,153 

3,839 

12,649 

16,043 
401,570 



TENNESSEE.— Area, 45,500 square miles. 



Anderson 17,634 

Bedford 23,845 

Benton .... .... 11,888 

Bledsoe... 6,626 

Blount 19,206 

Bradley 15,759 

Campbell 17,317 

Cannon 12,121 

Carroll 24,250 

Carter 16,688 

Cheatham 10,112 

Chester 9,896 

Claiborne 20,696 

Clay 8,421 

Cocke.. 19,153 

Coffee 15,574 

Crockett 15,867 

Cumberland.... 8,311 

Davidson 122,815 

Decatur 10,439 

Dekalb 16,460 

Dickson 18,635 

Dyer 23,776 

Fayette 29,701 

Fentress 6,1U6 

Franklin 20,392 

Gibson 39,408 

Giles 33,035 

Grainger 15,512 

Greene 30,596 

Grundy 7,802 

Hamblen 12,728 



Hamilton 61,695 

Hancock 11,147 

Hardeman 22,976 

Hardin 19,246 

Hawkins 24,267 

Haywood 25,189 

Henderson 18,117 

Henry 24,208 

Hickman 16,367 

Houston 6,476 

Humphreys.... 18,398 

Jackson 15,039 

James 5,407 

Jefferson 18,590 

Johnson 10,589 

Knox 74,302 

Lake 7,368 

Lauderdale 21,971 

Lawrence 15,402 

Lewis 4,455 

Lincoln 26.804 

Loudon 10,838 

McMinn 19,163 

McNairy 17,760 

Macon 12,881 

Madison 36,3.-]3 

Marion 17,281 

Marshall 18,763 

Maury 42,703 

Meigs 7,491 

Monroe 18,585 

Montgomery.... 36,017 



Moore 5,706 

Morgan...'. . =... 9,587 

Obion 28,286 

Overton 18.353 

Perry 8,800 

Pickett 5,366 

Polk 11,357 

Putnam 16,890 

Rhea 14,318 

Roane 22,738 

Robertson. 25,029 

Rutherford 33,543 

Scott 11,077 

Sequatchie 3,326 

Sevier 22,021 

Shelby 153,557 

Smith 19,026 

Stewart 15,224 

Sullivan 24,935 

Sumner 26,072 

Tipton 29,273 

Trousdale 6,004 

Unicoi 5,851 

Union 12,894 

VanBuren 3,126 

Warren 16,410 

Washington.... 22,604 

Wayne 12,936 

Weakley 32,546 

White 14,157 

Williamson .... 26,429 

Wilson 27,078 



Total 2,020,61 6 



126 



POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 



TEXAS.— Area, 237,504 square miles. 



Anderson 28,015 

Andrews ST 

Angelina 13,481 

Aj-ansas 1.716 

Archer 2,508 

Armstrong 1,205 

Atascosa 7,143 

Austin 20,676 

Bailey 4 

Bandera 5,332 

Bastrop C6,S45 

Bavlor 3.052 

Bee 7,720 

BeU 45.535 

Bexar 69,422 

Blanco 4,703 

Borden 776 

Bosque 17,390 

BoTvie 26,676 

Brazoria 14,861 

Brazos 18,859 

Brewster 2.356 

Briscoe l,2r>:i 

Brown.. 16.019 

Burleson 18,367 

Burnet 10,528 

Caldwell 21,765 

Calhoun 2,395 

Callahan 8.768 

Cameron 16,095 

Camp 9.146 

Carson 469 

Cass. 22,841 

Castro 400 

Chambers 3,046 

Cherokee 25,154 

Childress 2,1.38 

Clay 9,2.31 

Cochran 25 

Coke 3,430 

Coleman 10,077 

Coilin 50.087 

Collingsworth.. 1,233 

Colorado 22,203 

Comal T,OOS 

Comanche 23,009 

Concho 1.42T 

Cooke 27,494 



' Corvell 21,30S 

! Cottle 1,002 

1 Crane 51 

.Crockett 1,591 

■ Crosbv 783 

Dallam 146 

Dallas 82,726 

Dawson 37 

Deaf Smith S43 

■ Delta 15,249 j 

Denton 28,318 

: Dewitt 21,311 < 

! Dickens 1,151 ' 

I Dimmit 1,106 

Donley 2,756 

Duval' 8.4S3 

Eastland 18,971 , 

Ector .381 

Edwards 8,108 : 

Ellis 50.059 

El Paso 24,SS6 

Erath 29,966 

Falls 33,342 

Fannin 51,793 

Fayette 36,542 : 

Fisher 3,708 

Floyd 2,020 

Foard 1,568 

Fort Bend 16,538 

Franklin 8.674 

Freestone 18.910 

Frio 4,200 

Gaines 55 

Galveston 44,116 

Garza 1S5 

Gillespie 8,2-29 

Glasscock 2S6 

Goliad 8.310 ' 

Gonzales 28,882 

Grav 480 

Gravson 63,661 

Gregg 12.343 

Grimes 26,106 

Guadalupe 21,385 ' 

Hale 1,6S0 ; 

Hall 1,670 i 

Hamilton 13,520 ! 



Hansford 167 

Hardeman 3.634 

Hardin 5,049 

Harris 63,786 

Harrison 31,878 

Hartlev 377 

Haskell 2,637 

Havs 14,142 

Hemphill 815 

Henderson 19.970 

Hidalgo 6,837 

Hill 41,355 

Hockley 44 

Hood.: 9,146 

Hopkins 27,950 

Houston 25,452 

Howard 2,528 

Huut 47,295 

Hutchinson 303 

Iron 848 

Jack 10.224 

Jackson 6,094 

Jasper 7,138 

Jeft Davis 1,150 

Jefferson 14,239 

Johnson 3-3,819 

Jones 7,053 

Karnes 8,681 

Kaufman 33,376 

Kendall 4,103 

Kent 899 

Kerr 4,980 

Kimble 2,503 

King 490 

Kinney 2,447 

Knox 2,322 

Lamar 48,627 

Lamb 31 

Lampasas 8,625 

Lasalle 2,.303 

Lavaca 28,121 

Lee 14,595 

Leon 18,072 

Liberty 8.102 

Limestone 32,573 

Lipscomb 790 

Live Oak 2,268 

Llano 7,301 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES 



127 



Loving. . . 
Lubbock. 



293 



Lynn 17 

McCulloch 3,960 

McLennan 59,772 

McMullen 1,024 

Madison 10,432 

Marion 10,754 

Martin 332 

Mason 5,573 

Matagorda 6,097 

Maverick 4,066 

Medina 7,783 

Menard 2,011 

Midland 1,741 

Milam 39,666 

MUls 7,851 

Mitchell 2,855 

Montague 24,800 

Montgomery... 17,067 

Moore. , 209 

Morris 8,220 

Motley. 1,257 

Nacogdoches... 24,663 

Navarro 43,374 

Newton 7,282 

Nolan 2,611 

Nueces 10,439 

Ochiltree 267 

Oldham 349 

Orange 5,905 

Palo Pinto 12,291 

Panola 21,404 



Parker. . 
Parmer. , 
Pecos.. . 
Polk.... 



Potter 

Presidio... 

Rains 

Randall . . . 
Red River. 



Reeves 

Refugio 

Roberts 

Robertson. . 
Rockwall. . . 



Runnels 

Rusk 

Sabine 

San Augustine. 
San Jacinto. .. 

San Patricio — 

San Saba 

Schleicher 

Scurry 

Shackelford .... 



Shelby 

Sherman . . 

Smith 

Somervell.. 
Starr 



Stephens. . 
Sterling . . . 
Stonewall . 

Sutton 

Swisher... 



25,823 

34 

2,360 

14,447 

1,820 
3.673 
6,127 



1,847 

1,641 

620 

31,480 

8,531 

5,379 

26,099 

6,394 

8,434 

10,277 

2,372 
7,569 
515 
4,158 
2,461 

20,452 

104 

37,370 

3,498 

11,469 

6,466 
1,127 
2,183 
1,727 
1,227 



Tarrant 

Taylor 

Terry 

Throckmorton . 
Titus 



Tom Green. 

Travis. 

Trinity. 

Tyler 

Upshur 



Upton 

Uvalde 

Valverde . . . 
Van Zandt.. 
Victoria 



Walker 

Waller 

Ward 

Washington. 
Webb 



Wharton 

Wheeler 

Wichita 

Wilbarger... 
Williamson. 



Wilson. . . 
Winkler. , 

Wise 

Wood.... 



Yoakum. , 
Young . . . 
Zapata... 
Zavalla.., 



52,376 

10,499 

48 

1,750 

12,292 

6,804 
47,886 
10,976 
11,899 
16,266 

48 
4,647 
5,263 
25,481 
13,678 

15,813 
14,246 
1,451 
82,931 
21,851 

16,942 
636 

5,806 
5,759 

38,072 

13,961 

60 

27,116 

21,048 

26 

6,540 

4,760 

792 



Total 3,048,710 



UTAH.— Area, 84,476 square miles. 



Beaver 3,613 

Boxelder 10,009 

Cache 18,139 

Carbon 5,004 

Davis 7,996 

Emery 4,657 

Garfield 3,400 

Grand 1,149 

Iron. 3,546 



Juab 10,082 I Sevier 8,451 

I 

Kane 1,811 

Millard 5,678 

Morgan 2,045 

Piute 1,954 

Rich 1,946 



Salt Lake 77,725 

San Juan 1,023 

Sanpete 16,313 



Summit 9,439 

Tooele 7,361 

Uinta 6,458 

Utah 32,456 

Wasatch 4,736 

Washington — 4,612 

Wayne 1,907 

Weber 25,239 



Total 276,749 



1 



128 



POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 



VERMONT.— Area, 10,212 square miles. 



Addison 21,912 

Bennington 21 ,705 

Caledonia 24,381 

€liittenden 39,600 

8,056 



Franklin 30,198 

Grand Isle 4,462 

Lamoille 12,289 

Orange 19,313 

Orleans 22,024 



Rutland 44,209 

Washington.... 36,607 

Windham 26,660 

Windsor 32,225 



Total 343,641 



VIRGINIA.— Area, 38,352 square miles. 



Accomac 

Albemarle . . 
Alexandria. , 
Alleghany. . . 
Amelia 



Amherst 

Appomattox . 

Augusta 

Bath 

Bedford 



Bland 

Botetourt .... 
Brunswick. . . 

Buchanan 

Buckingham. 

Campbell 

Caroline 

Carroll 

Charles City. . 
Charlotte 



Chesterfield.... 

Clarke 

Craig , 

Culpeper 

Cumberland 

Dickenson 

Dinwiddle 

Elizabeth City.. 



Fairfax... 

Fauquier. . 

Floyd 

Fluvanna . 
Franklin,. 



32,570 
34,920 
20,959 
16,830 
9,037 

17,864 
9,662 

39,659 
5,595 

30,356 

5,497 
17,161 
18,217 

9,692 
15,266 

42,147 
16,709 
19,303 
5,040 
15,343 

28,519 
7,927 
4,293 

14,123 
8,996 

7,747 
15,374 
19,460 

9,701 
18,580 

23,374 

15,388 

9,050 

25,953 



Frederick 18,400 

Giles 10,793 

Gloucester 12,832 

Goochland 9,519 

Grayson 16,853 

Greene 6,214 

Greenesvllle .... 9,758 

Halifax 37,197 

Hanover 17,618 

Henrico 115,112 

Henry 19,265 

Highland 5,647 

Isle of Wight.. 13,102 

James City 5,732 

King and Queen 9,265 
King George... 6,918 

King William.. 8,880 

Lancaster 8,949 

Lee 19,856 

Loudoun 21.948 

Louisa 16,517 

Lunenburg 11,705 

Madison 10,216 

Mathews 8,239 

Mecklenburg... 26,551 

Middlesex 8,220 

Montgomery... 19,196 
Nansemond.... 23,078 

Nelson 16,075 

New Kent 4,865 

Norfolk 114,831 

Northampton.. 13,770 
Northumberland . 9,846 



Nottoway 12,366 

Orange 12,571 

Page 13,794 

Patrick 15,403 

Pittsylvania.... 63,414 

Powhatan 6,824 

Prince Edward. 15,045 
Prince George. . 7,752 

Princess Anne . 11,192 
Prince William. 11.112 

Pulaski 14,609 

Rappahannock. 8,843 
Richmond 7,088 

Roanoke 37,ai2 

Rockbridge 24,187 

Rockingham... 33.527 

Russell.- 18,031 

Scott 22,694 



Shenandoah.. . 

Smyth 

Southampton . 
Spottsylvania. . 
Stafford 



Surry 

Sussex 

Tazewell., 
Warren. . . 
Warwick. . 



Washington 

Westmoreland.. 

Wise 

Wythe 

York 



20,253 

17,121 

22,848 

, 14,307 

8,097 

8,469 
12,082 
23,384 

8.837 
15,524 

33,574 

9,243 

19,653 

20,437 

7,482 



Total 1,854,184 



CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES 



I2g 



WASHINGTON.— Area, 69,994 square miles. 



Adams 4,840 

Asotin 3,366 

Ohehalis....... 15,124 

Chelan 3,931 

Clallam 5,603 

Clarke 13,419 

Columbia 7,128 

Cowlitz 7,877 

Douglas 4,926 

Ferry 4,562 

Franklin 486 

Oarfieid 3,918 



Island 1,870 

Jefferson 5,712 

King 110,053 

Kitsap 6,767 

Kittitas 9,704 

Klickitat 6,407 

Lewis 15,157 

Lincoln 11,969 

Mason 3,810 

Okanogan 4, 689 

Pacific 5,983 

Pierce 55,515 



San Juan 2,928 

Skagit 14,272 

Skamania 1,688 

Snohomish .... 23,950 

Spokane 57,542 

Stevens 10,543 

Thurston 9,927 

Wahkiakum . . . 2,819 
Wallawalla .... 18,680 

Whatcom 24,116 

Whitman 25,360 

Yakima 13,462 



Total 518,103 



WEST VIRGINIA.— Area, 23,000 square miles. 



Barbour 14,198 

Berkeley 19,469 

Boone 8,194 

Braxton 18,904 

Brooke 7,219 

Cabell 29,252 

Calhoun 10,266 

Clay 8,248 

Doddridge 13,689 

Fayette 31,987 

Gilmer 11.762 

Grant 7,275 

Greenbrier 20,683 

Hampshire .... 11,806 

Hancock 6,693 

Hardy 8,449 

Harrison 27,690 

Jackson 22.987 

Jefferson 15,935 



Kanawha 54,696 

Lewis 16,980 

Lincoln 15,434 

Logan 6,955 

McDoweU 18,747 

Marion 32,430 

Marshall 26,444 

Mason 24,142 

Mercer 23,023 

Mineral 12.883 

Mingo 11,359 

Monongalia 19,049 

Monroe 13,130 

Morgan 7,294 

Nicholas 11,403 

Ohio 48,024 

Pendleton 9,167 

Pleasants 9,345 



Pocahontas 8,572 

Preston 22,727 

Putnam 17,330 

Raleigh 12,436 

Randolph 17,670 

Ritchie 18,901 

Roane 19,852 

Summers 16,265 

Taylor 14,978 

Tucker 13,433 

Tyler 18,252 

Upshur 14,696 

Wayne 23,619 

Webster 8,862 

Wetzel 22,880 

Wirt 10,284 

Wood 34,452 

Wyoming 8,380 



Total 958,800 



WISCONSIN.— Area, 53,924 square miles. 



Adams 9,141 

Ashland 20,176 

Barron 23,677 

Bayfield 14,392 

Brown 46,359 



Buffalo 16,765 

Burnett 7,478 

Calumet 17,078 

Chippewa 33.037 

Clark 25,848 



Columbia 31,121 

Crawford 17,286 

Dane 69.435 

Dodfi^e ... 46,631 

Door 17,683 



I30 



POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 



Douglas 36,335 

Dunn 25,043 

Eau Claire 31,692 

Florence 3,197 

Fond du Lac... 47,589 

Forest 1,396 

Grant 38,881 

Green 22,719 

Green Lake.... 15,797 

Iowa 23,114 

Iron 6,616 

Jackson 17,466 

Jefeerson 34,789 

Juneau 20,629 

Kenosha 21,707 

Kewaunee 17,212 

Lacrosse 42,997 

Lafayette 20,959 

Langlade 12,553 



Lincoln 16,269 

Manitowoc 42,261 

Marathon 43,256 

Marinette 30,822 

Marquette 10,509 

Milwaukee 330,017 

Monroe 28,103 

Oconto 20,874 

Oneida 8,875 

Outagamie. ... 46,247 
Ozaukee 16,363 

Pepin 7,905 

Pierce. 23,943 

Polk 17,801 

Portage 29,483 

Price 9,106 

Racine 45,644 

Richland 19,483 



Rock 51,205 

St. Croix 26,830 

Sauk..... 33,006 

Sawyer 3,593 

Shawano 27,475 

Sheboygan 50,345 

Taylor 11,202 

Trempealeau ... 23, 1 14 

Vernon 28.351 

Vilas 4,929 

Walworth 29.259 

Washburn 5,521 

Washington.... 23,589 

Waukesha 35,229 

WauDaca 31.615 

Waushara 15,972 

Winnebago.... 58.225 
Wood 25,865 



Total 2,069,042 



WYOMING.— Area, 97,883 square miles. 



Albany 13,084 1 Fremont 5,357 

Bighorn 4,328 "^ ' '' "^^ 

Carbon 9,589 

Converse 3,337 

Crook 3,137 I Sheridan 5,122 | 

TOB^ 92,531 



Johnson 2,361 

Laramie 20,181 

Natrona 1,785 



Sweetwater 8,455 

Uinta 12,223 

Weston 3,203 

Yellowstone Park 369 



POPULATION OF CITIES 

OP THE 

UNITED STATES 

Having over 25,000 Inhabitants 
Census of 1900 



New York, N. Y 3,437,202 

Chicago, 111 1,698,575 

Philadelphia, Pa 1,293,697 

St. Louis, Mo 575,238 

Boston, Mass 560,892 

Baltimore, Md 508,957 

Cleveland, Ohio 381,768 

Buffalo, N.Y 352,387 

San Francisco, Cal 342,782 

Cincinnati, Ohio . . : . .... 325,902 

Pittsburg, Pa 321,616 

New Orleans, La 287,104 

Detroit, Mich 285,704 

Milwaukee, Wis 285,315 

Washington, D'. C. 278,718 

Newark, N.J 246,070 

Jersey City, N. J 206,433 

Louisville, Ky 204,731 

Minneapolis, Minn 202,718 

Providence, R. I 175,597 

Indianapolis, Ind 169,164 

Kansas City, Mo 163,752 

St. Paul, Minn 163,065 

Rochester, N. Y 162,608 

Denver, Col 133,859 

Toledo, Ohio 131,822 

Allegheny, Pa 129, 896 

Columbus, Ohio 125,560 

Worcester, Mass 118,421 

Syracuse, N. Y 108,374 



New Haven, Conn 108,027 

Paterson, N. J 105,171 

Fall River, Mass 104,863 

St. Joseph, Mo 102,979 

Omaha, Neb 102,555 

Los Angeles, Cal 102,479 

Memphis, Tenn 102,320 

Scranton, Pa 102,026 

Lowell, Mass 94,969 

Albany, N.Y 94,151 

Cambridge, Mass 91,886 

Portland, Ore 90,426 

Atlanta, Ga 89,872 

Grand Rapids, Mich 87,565 

Dayton, Ohio 85,333 

Richmond, Va 85,050 

Nashville, Tenn 80,865 

Seattle, Wash 80,671 

Hartford, Conn 79,850 

Reading, Pa 78,961 

Wilmington, Del 76,508 

Camden, N.J 75,935 

Trenton, N. J 73,307 

Bridgeport, Conn 70,996 

Lynn, Mass 68,513 

Oakland, Cal 66,960 

Lawrence, Mass 62,559 

New Bedford, Mass 62,442 

Des Moines, Iowa 62,139 

Springfield, Mass 62,059 



131 



132 



POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 



Somerville, Mass . 61,643 

Troy,N. Y 60,651 

Hoboken, N. J 59,364 

EvansvilJe, Ind 59,007 

Manchester, N. H 56,987 

Utica,N. Y 56,383 

Peoria, 111 56,100 

Charleston. S. C 55,807 

Savannah, Ga 54,244 

Salt Lake City, Utah 53,531 

San Antonio, Tex 53,321 

Duluth,Minn 52,969 

Erie, Pa 52,733 

Elizabeth, N. J 52,130 

Wilkesbarre, Pa 51,721 

Kansas City, Kan 51,418 

Harrisbiirg, Pa 50, 167 

Portland, Me 50,145 

Yonkers, N. Y 47,931 

Norfolk, Va 46,624 

Waterbury , Conn 45,859 

Holyoke, Mass 45,712 

Fort Wayne, Ind 45,115 

Youngstown, Ohio 44,885 

Houston, Tex 44,633 

Covington, Ky 42,938 

Akron, Ohio 42,728 

Dallas, Tex 42,638 

Saginaw, Mich 42,345 

Lancaster, Pa 41,459 

Lincoln, Neb 40,169 

Brockton, Mass 40,063 

Binghamton, N. Y 39,647 

Augusta, Ga 39,441 

Pawtucket, R. 1 39,231 

Altoona, Pa 38,973 

Wheeling, W. Va 38,878 

Mobile, Ala 38,469 

Birmingham, Ala 38,415 

Little Rock, Ark 38,307 

Sprinefleld, Ohio. 38,253 

Galve^ston, Tex 37,789 

Tacoma,Wash 37,714 

Haverhill, Mass 37,175 

Spokane, Wash 86,848 

Terre Haute, Ind 36,673 

Dubuque, Iowa 36,297 

Quincy, HI 36,252 

South Bend, Ind 35,999 

Salem, Mass 35,956 



Johnstown, Pa 35,936 

Elmira, N. Y 35,672 

AUentown, Pa 35,416 

Davenport, Iowa 35,254 

McKeesport, Pa. 34,227 

Springfield, 111 34,159 

Chelsea, Mass S4,U72 

Chester, Pa a3.988 

York, Pa 33,708 

Maiden, Mass 33,664 

Topeka, Kan 33,608 

Newton, Mass 33,587 

Sioux City, Iowa 33,111 

Bayonne, N. J 32,722 

Knoxville, Tenn 32,637 

Chattanooga, Tenn 32,490 

Schenectady, N. Y 31,682 

Fitchburg, Mass 31,531 

Superior, Wis 31,091 

Rockford, 111 31,051 

Taunton, Mass 31,036 

Canton, Ohio 30,667 

Butte, Mont 30,470 

Montgomery, Ala 30,346 

Auburn, N. Y 30,345 

East St. Louis, 111 29,655 

Joliet, 111 29,353 

Sacramento, Cal 29,282 

Racine, Wis 29,102 

La Crosse, Wis 28,895 

Williamsport, Pa 28,757 

Jacksonville, Fla 28,429 

Newcastle, Pa 28,339 

Newport, Ky 28,301 

Oshkosh, Wis 28,284 

Woonsocket, R. 1 28,204 

Pueblo, Col 28,157 

Atlantic City, N. J 27,838 

Passaic, N. J 27,777 

Bay City, Mich 27,628 

Fort Worth, Tex 26,688 

Lexington, Ky 26,369 

Gloucester, Mass 26,121 

South Omaha, Neb 26,001 

New Britain, Conn 25,998 

Council Bluffs, Iowa 25,802 

Cedar Rapids, Iowa 25,656 

Easton, Pa 25,238 

Jackson, Mich 25,180 



POPULATION, NUMBER OF COUNTIES, FARMS, 
AND FAMILIES, IN EAdH STATE 

{Compiled from the Census Bulletin^ 1900^ and the Cen- 
sus of 1890) 



STATB8 AND 

Terbitories. 


Popula- 
tion, 

1900. 


Coun- 
ties, 
1900. 


Number of 

Farms, 

1890. 


Number op 
Families, 

1890. 


"Maine. . . . 


694,466 

411,588 

343,641 

2,805,346 

428,556 

908,355 

7,268,012 

1,883,669 

6,302,115 


16 
10 
14 
14 
5 
8 
61 
21 
6T 


62,013 
29,151 
32,573 
34,374 
5,500 
26,360 

226,223 
30,828 

211.557 


150,355 
87,348 
75,869 

479,790 


JS^ew Hampshire 

Vermont 


Massachusetts 


Hhode Island 


75,010 


Connecticut 


165,890 


l^ew York 


1,308,015 

808,339 

1,061,626 


New Jersey 


Pennsylvania. . .... 




N. Atlantic Division. 
Delaware 


21,045,748 

184,735 
1,190,050 

278,718 
1,854,184 

958,800 
1,893,810 
1,340,316 
2,216,331 

528,542 


216 

3 
24 

100 
55 
97 
41 

137 
45 


658,569 

9,381 

40,798 

382 

127,600 

72,773 

178,359 

115,008 

171,071 

34,228 


3,712,242 
34,578 


Marvland 


202,179 

43,967 

304,673 


District of Columbia . . 
Virginia 


West Virginia 


140,359 


North Carolina 

South Carolina 

Georgia 


806,952 
222,941 

352,059 
80,059 


Florida 






«. Atlantic Division. 
Ohio 


10,445,486 

4,157,545 
2,516,462 
4,821.550 

2,420,982 
2,069,042 


533 

88 
92 
102 
85 
70 


649,600 

251,430 
198,167 
240,681 
172,344 
146,409 


1,687,767 

785,291 
467,146 
778,015 
455,004 
335,456 


Indiana 

Illinois 


Michigan 


Wisconsin 





133 



134 



POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 



States and 
Territories. 


Popula- 
tion, 

1900. 


Coun- 
ties, 
1900. 


Number op 
Farms, 

1890. 


Number of 

Families, 

1890. 


Minnesota 


1,751,394 
2,231,853 
3,106,665 
319,146 
401,570 
1,068,539 
1,470,495 


82 
99 

115 
89 
53 
90 

106 


116,851 
201,903 
238,043 
27,611 
50,158 
113,608 
166.617 


247,975 


Iowa •• • • • 


388,617 
628,295 


Missouri 


North Dakota 


38,478 
70.25a 


South Dakota 


Nebraska 


206^82a 
297,358 


Kansas 






N. Central Division.. 
Kentucky 


26,335,243 

2,147.174 
2,020,616 
1,828,697 
1,551,270 
1,881,625 
3,048,710 
398,245 
1,311,564 


1,021 

119 
96 
66 
75 
59 

346 
24 
75 


1,923,822 

179,264 
174,412 

157,772 
144,318 
69,294 
228,126 
8,826 
124,760 


4,598,606- 
354, 465^ 


Tennessee 


334,194 


Alabama 


287,292^ 


Mississippi 


241,148 


Louisiana 


214,12& 


Texas 


411,261 


Oklahoma 


16,029^ 


Arkansas 


213,620 


S. Central Division. . 
Montana 


13,687,901 

243,329 

92,513 

539,700 

195,310 

122,931 

276,749 

42,335 

161,772 

518,103 

413,536 

1,485,053 


760 

24 

13 
57 
20 
13 
27 
14 
21 
36 
83 
57 


1,086,772 

5,603 

8,126 

16,389 

4.458 

1,426 

10,517 

1,277 

6,603 

18,056 

25,530 

52,894 


2,071,12a 

27,501 


Wvominff 


12,065^ 


Colorado. 


84,276^ 


New Mexico 


35,504- 


Arizona 


18,495 


Utah 


38,81& 


Nevada 


10.170 


Idaho 


18,113 


Washington 


70,97T 


Oregon 


63,791 


California 


246,710 


Western Division... 

N. Atlantic Division. 
S, Atlantic Division. 
N. Central Division. 
S. Central Division.. 
Western Division... . 


4,091,331 

21,045,748 
10,445,486 
126,335,243 
13,687,901 
4,091,331 


315 

216 
533 
1.021 
760 
315 


145,878 

658,569 

649,600 

1,923,822 

1,086,772 

145,878 


620,41& 

3,712,242^^ 

1,687,767 

4.598,605 

2,071,12^ 

620,418 


Grand Total 


75,605,709 


2,845 


4,564,641 


12.690,16:^ 



TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS 
Census of 1890 



All Occupations (persons engaged in) 22,735,661 



^" Agriculture, Fisheries, and Mining, total, 9,013,336 

Agricultural laborers 3,004,061 

Apiarists 1,773 

Dairymen and dairywomen 17,895 

Parmers, planters, and overseers 5,281,557 

Pishermen and oystermen 60,162 

<Jardeners, florists, nurserymen, and vine growers 72,601 

Lumbermen and raftsmen 65,866 

JM:iners (coal) 208,545 

Miners (not otherwise specified) 141,047 

Quarrymen 37,656 

Stock raisers, herders, and drovers 70,729 

Wood choppers 33,697 

Other agricultural pursuits 17,747 



Professional Service, 944,333 

Actors 9,728 

Architects 8,070 

Artists and teachers of art 22,496 

Authors and literary and scientific persons 6,714 

Chemists, assayers, and metallurgists 4,503 

Clergymen 88,203 

Dentists 17,498 

Desi^ers, draughtsmen, and inventors 9,391 

Engmeers (civil, mechanical, electrical, and mining and sur- 
veyors). 43,239 

Journalists 21,849 

Lawyers 89,630 

Musicians and teachers of music 62,155 

Officers of the United States army and navy 2,926 

Officials (Government) 79,664 

Physicians and surgeons 104,805 

Professors in colleges and universities 5,392 

Teachers 341,952 

Theatrical managers, showmen, etc 18,055 

Yeterinary surgeons 6,494 

Other professional service 1,569 

I3S 



136 



POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 



Domestic and Personal Service, 4,360,577 



Barbers and hairdressers 84,982 

Bartenders 55,806 

Boarding and lodging house keepers 44,34& 

Engineers and firemen (not locomotive) 139,765 

Hotel keepers 44.076 

Housekeepers and stewards 92.036 

Hunters, trappers, guides, and scouts 2,534 

Janitors 21,55& 

Laborers (not specified) 1,913,373 

Launderers and laundresses 248,462 

Nurses and midwives 47,586 

Restaurant keepers 19,283^ 

Saloon keepers 71,385 

Servants 1,454.791 

Sextons 4,982 

Soldiers, sailors, and marines (United States) 27,819 

Watchmen, policemen, and detectives 74,629 

Other domestic and personal service 13,063- 



Tradb and Transportation, 3,326,122 

Agents (claim, commission, real estate, insurance, etc.) and 

collectors 174,582 

Auctioneers 3,205 

Bankers and brokers (money and stocks) 30,008 

Boatmen and canalmen 16,716 

Bookkeepers and accountants 169,374- 

Brokers ;commercial) 5,960 

Clerks and copyists 667,358 

Commercial travellers 59,691 

Draymen, hackmen, teamsters, etc 368,499 

Foremen and overseers 36,C84 

Hostlers 54,036 

Hucksters and pedlers 59,083 

Lively stable keepers 26,757 

Locomotive engineers and firemen 79,463 

Merchants and dealers in drugs and chemicals (retail) 46,375 

Merchants and dealers in drygoods (retail) 42,527 

Merchants and dealers in groceries (retail) 114.997 

Merchants and dealers in wines and hquors (retaU) 10,078 

Merchants and dealers in wines and hquors (wholesale) 3,643 

Merchants and dealers not specified (retail) 446,262 

Merchants and .dealers (wholesale), importers and shipping 

merchants 27,443 

Messengers, and errand and office boys 51,355 

Newspaper carriers and newsboys 5,288 

Officials of banks and insurance, trade, transportation, trust 

and other companies 39,900 

Packers and shippers 24,946 

Pilots 4,259^ 

Porters and helpers (in stores and warehouses) 24.356 

Sailors 55,899 

Salesmen and saleswomen 264,394 

Steam railroad employes (not otherwise specified) 352,750 

Stenographers and typewriters 33,41& 



TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS 



Trade and Transportation.— CowimMecf. 



137 



Street railway employes 37,434 

Telephone and telegraph operators 52,214 

Telephone and telegraph linemen and electric light and power 

company employes 11,134 

Undertakers 9,891 

Weighers, gangers, and measurers 3,860 

Other persons m trade and transportation 3,883 



Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries, 5,091,293 

Agricultural implement makers (not otherwise classified) 3,755 

Apprentices (blacksmiths') 4,244 

Apprentices (boot and shoe makers') 1,031 

Apprentices (carpenters and joiners') 6,760 

Apprentices (carriage and wagon makers') 852 

Apprentices (dressmakers') 4,340 

Apprentices (leather curriers', etc.) 421 

Apprentices (machinists') 9,738 

Apprentices (masons') 1,927 

Apprentices (milliners') 1,204 

Apprentices (painters') 2,321 

Apprentices (plumbers') 4,624 

Apprentices (printers') 4,635 

Apprentices (tailors') 2,625 

Apprentices (tinsmiths') 2,037 

Apprentices (not otherwise specified) 35,698 

Artificial flower makers 3,046 

Bakers 60,197 

Basket makers 5,225 

Blacksmiths 205,337 

Bleachers, dyers, and scourers , 14,210 

Bone and ivory workers 1,691 

Bookbinders 23,858 

Boot and shoe makers and repairers 213,544 

Bottlers and mineral and soda-water makers 7,230 

Box makers (paper) 17,757 

Box makers (wood) 10,883 

Brass workers (not otherwise specified) 17, 265 

Brewers and maltsters 20,S62 

Brick and tile makers and terra cotta workers 60,214 

Britannia workers 904 

Broom and brush makers 10,115 

Builders and contractors 45,988 

Butchers 105,456 

Butter and cheese makers 11,211 

Button makers 2,601 

Cabinet makers 85,915 

Candle, soap, and tallow makers 3,450 

Carpenters and joiners 611,482 

Carpet makers .... 22,302 

Carriage and wagon makers (not otherwise classified) 34,538 

Charcoal, coke, and lime burners 8,704 

Chemical works employes . . 3,628 

Clock and watch makers and repairers 25,252 

Compositors 30,060 

Confectioners 23,261 



138 



POINTERS FOR PATENTEES 



Manutacturinq and Mechanical Industries.— ConfinwetZ. 

Coopers 47,480 

Cooper workers 3,384 

Corset makers 6,533 

Cotton mill operatives 173,143 

Distillers and rectifiers 3,314 

Door, sash, and blind makers 5,041 

Dressmakers 289,164 

Electroplaters 9,756 

Electrotypers and stereotjrpers 1,471 

Engravers 8,320 

Fertilizer makers .... 732 

Fish curers and packers 1,279 

Gas works employes 5,224 

Glass workers 34,382 

Glove makers 6,416 

Gold and silver workers 20,263 

Gunsmiths, locksmiths, and bell hangers 9,153 

Hair workers 1,254 

Harness and saddle makers and repairers 43,480 

Hat and cap makers 24,013 

Hosiery and knitting mill operatives 29,555 

Iron and steel workers 144,921 

Lace and embroidery makers 6,256 

Lead and zinc workers 4,616 

Leather cm-riers, dressers, finishers, and tanners 39,332 

Machinists 177,090 

Manufacturers and ofllcials of manufacturing companies 101,610 

Marble and stone cutters 61,070 

Masons (brick and stone) 158,918 

Meat and fruit packers, canners, and preservers 5,830 

Mechanics (not otherwise specified) 15,485 

Metal workers (not otherwise specified) 16,694 

Mill and factory operatives (not specified) 93,596 

Millers (flour and grist) 52,841 

Milliners 60,842 

Model and pattern makers 10,800 

Moulders 66, 289 

Musical instrument makers (not otherwise specified) 652 

Nail and tack makers 4,583 

Oil well employes 9,147 

Oil works employes 5,624 

Painters, glaziers, and vamishers 219,912 

Paper hangers 12,369 

Paper mill operatives 27,817 

Photographers 20,840 

Piano and organ makers and tuners 14.683 

Plasterers 39,002 

Plumbers and gas and steam fitters 66,607 

Potters 14,928 

Powder and cartridge makers 1,385 

Printers, lithographers, and pressmen 86,893 

Print works operatives 6,701 

Publishers of books, maps, and newspapers 6,284 

Roofers and slaters 7,043 

Rope and cordage makers 8,001 

Rubber factory operatives 16,162 

Sail, awning, and tent makers S,257 

Salt works employes 1,765 

Saw and planing mill employes . . . , 133,637 



TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS 139 

Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries.— Conimt^^d. 

Seamstresses 150,044 

Sewing machine makers (not otherwise classified) 880 

Sewing machine operators 7,126 

Ship and boat builders 22,951 

Shirt, collar, and cuff makers , 21,097 

Silk mill operatives 34,855 

Starch makers 746 

Steam boiler makers 21,339 

Stove, furnace, and grate makers 8,932 

Straw workers 3,666 

Sugar makers and refiners 2,616 

Tailors and tailoresses 185,400 

Tinners and tinware makers 55,488 

Tobacco and cigar operatives 111,385 

Tools and cutlery (not otherwise specified) 17,985 

Trunk, valise, leather case, and pocket-book makers 6,297 

Umbrella and parasol makers 3,403 

Ih)hol3terers 25,666 

Well borers 4,854 

Wheelwrights 12,856 

Whitewashers 3.996 

Wire workers 12,319 

Wood workers (not otherwise specified) 67,360 

Woolen mill operatives , 84,109 

Other persons in manufacturing and mechanical industries 76,714 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

A Better Plan 22 

About Advertising 46 

" Canadian Patents 73 

*• Getting Up Circulars. 51 

Abstract of Decisions 79 

Advertisements, How to Write ^ 47 

Agreement, Form of 2Z 

Assignee, Grantee, and Licensee Defined . . 92 

Assigning an Undivided Interest 59 

Assignments 79 

'* Conditional 87 

Basis for Estimation dZ 

Business Capacity of the Inventor 16 

Canadian Cities, Population of 7& 

** Patents, About 73 

Selling 76 

Capital, Securing 30 

Circulars 50 

About Getting Up 51 

Cities in the United States, Population of 131 

Classes of Rights, Dividing a Patent into 59 

Commercial Value 31 

Companies, Forming, and Manufacturing 67 

StockinStock 36 

To Organize Stock 68 

Conditional Assignments 87 

Copies of Patents, How to Secure. 51 

Correspondence as a Means of Bringing Patents Before Inter- 
ested Parties 48 

Counties in Each State, Number of, 1900 13a 

140 



INDKX 141 

PAGE 

Danger in an Undivided Interest 30 

Decisions, Abstract of 79 

'* Assignments 79 

" Licenses 83 

PatentTitle 84 

" Territorial Grants 76 

Demand for Inventions of Merit 9 

Dividing Patents into Classes of Rights 59 

Drawings, Working « 54 

Estimating Prices for State Rights 38 

Estimation, Basis for 33 

Exhibit of Inventions 25 

Farms in Each State-, Number of — 133 

Families in Each State, Number of 133 

First Impressions All-important 53 

Form, Assignment of an Undivided Interest 98 

*•• " of Entire Interest 94 

" Grant of a Territorial Interest 97 

" License, Exclusive With Royalty 103 

'* ** Non-exclusive With Royalty 100 

** '' Shop-right 99 

** of Agreement (Securing Capital) ., 23 

Forming Companies, and Manufacturing 67 

Forms, Legal, of Value to Patentees 93 

General Rules for Valuation 83 

Grantee , 86 

Granting Licenses 63 

Grants, Territorial 81 

How Rating for Royalty Is Figured 33 

** to Arrive at the Value of a Patent 30 

" " Conduct the Sale of Patents 41, 55 

" ** Correspond with Manufacturers .•...^. 49 

" " Secure Copies of Patents 51 

** ** Write an Advertisement 47 

Illustrations for Circulars 50 

In Case the Patentee Cannot Undertake Selling 44 

Income from Inventions 13 

Independence Through Successful Invention 13 

Industrial Progress Based upon Patent System 11 

Inventions as a Poor Man's Opportunity 18 

Exhibit of 25 



142 INDEX 

PAGE 

Inventions, Income from 13 

*' of Merit, Demand for 9 

'' Perfecting 24 

'' Value of Record of 26 

Inventor, Business Capacity of the 16 

Law, the Language of 93 

Laws, State, on Selling Patents. . 88 

Legal Forms of Yalue to Patentees 93 

Licensee 86 

Licenses, Decisions 83 

" Granting 63 

Manufacturers, How to Correspond with 49 

Manufacturing, and Forming Companies 67 

Map of the United States 106 

Methods of Selling Patents 45 

Models, Value of 53 

Money in Patents 15 

Monopoly in Patents.. . , 10 

Mortgages 86 

Must Be Recorded (Transfer of Patents) 86 

Newspaper Notoriety 37 

Number of Counties in Each State, 1900 133 

" '" Farms in Each State 133 

'* "" Families in Each State 133 

Occupations, Table of 135 

Official Census of the United States for 1900 107 

Organizing Stock Companies 68 

Outright Assignments 58 

Patent, How to arrive at the Value of a 30 

'' Selling Agencies 41 

* ' System, Industrial Progress Based upon 11 

Title , 79 

Patents, Canadian 73 

'' Copies, How to Secure 51 

'• How to Conduct the Sale of 41, 55 

" Money in 15 

*' Monopoly in 10 

'' Prejudice against 36 

" State Laws on 88 

" Unprofitable 14 

Pecuniary Value 30 



INDEX 143 

PAGE 

Perfecting Inventions 24 

Personal Influence, Value of 56 

" Solicitation Advisable 56 

Pigeon-holing Patents 65 

Placing upon Royalty 64 

Population of Canadian Cities 78 

" Cities of the United States, 1900 131 

" Countiesof Each State. 1900 107 

" States,1900 133 

Prejudice against Patents 36 

Prices of Territorial Rights 37 

Printed Copies of Patents, Uses of 53 

Recorded, Must Be (Transfer of Patents) 86 

Royalty, How Rating for. Is Figured 35 

" Placingupon 64 

Rules for Valuation, General ■ . . . 33 

" of Practice 85 

*' ** " Assignees 86 

'* '* " Assignments 85 

" " " Conditional Assignments 87 

** *' " Licensees 86 

" '* " Grantees 86 

" "• " Mortgages 86 

** '* " Must Be Recorded 86 

Sale of Patents, How to Conduct , 41, 55 

Securing Capital 30 

Selling Agencies, Patent 41 

" Agent, The Patentee the Best 43 

" by Territorial Rights 61 

" Canadian Patents 76 

** In Case Patentee Cannot Undertake the 44 

*• Outright 58 

" Patents, Methods of 45 

Solicitation, Personal, Advisable 56 

State Laws on Selling Patents 96 

* * Rights, Table for Estimating Prices of 38 

Statistics and Tables 107 

Stock Companies, To Organize 68 

" in Stock Companies 36 

" Squeezed," To Avoid Being 35 

Table of Occupations 135 

Tables, Statistics and : 107 



144 INDKX 

PAGE 

Tables, Valuation 37 

Territorial Grants 81 

" Eights, Prices for 37 

" Sellingby 61 

The Language of Law 93 

" Patentee the Best Selling Agent 43 

Title, Patent '. 84 

To Avoid Being " Squeezed " 25 

To Organize Stock Companies 68 

Trading as a Last Resort... 71 

Uses of Printed Copies (Patents) 52 

Undivided Interest, Assigning an 59 

" '* Dangersinan 20 

United States, Map of the 106 

Population of Cities of the 131 

*' '' '' by Counties, 1900 107 

Unprofitable Patents 14 

Valuation, General Eules for 33 

Tables 37 

Value, Commercial 31 

of Models 53 

*' '* Patent, How to Arrive at the 30 

u " Personal Influence 56 

" *' Record of Invention 26 

*' Pecuniary 30 

Working Drawings 64 



The Progress of Invention 

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